Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Enhanced recovery after surgery nursing program, a protective factor for stoma-related complications in patients with low rectal cancer

BMC Surgery volume 20, Article number: 316 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) nursing program and stoma-related complications (SRCs) and prognosis in patients with low rectal cancer (LRC) undergoing abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy.

Methods

LRC patients who underwent elective abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy between May 2016 and May 2019 were retrospectively enrolled. The occurrence of early major or minor SRCs (within postoperative 30 days) was set as the primary end-point. Clinicopathological variables and laboratory tests were compared between patients with or without SRCs. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors for SRCs. Hospitalization satisfaction-related and prognosis-related variables were compared between LRC patients with or without ERAS nursing program.

Results

A total of 288 patients were enrolled and the incidence of SRCs was 26.7% (77/288). ERAS nursing program was the only independent risk factor for SRCs in LRC patients (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.31–3.12, P = 0.016) by the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Moreover, ERAS nursing program was associated with higher hospitalization satisfaction rate, faster bowel function recovery, better psychological status, and higher quality of life.

Conclusions

ERAS nursing program was a protective factor for SRCs and associated with improved prognosis in LRC patients undergoing elective abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy.

Peer Review reports

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with over 1.8 million new cases and 881,000 cancer-related death in 2018 [1]. The incidence of low rectal cancer (LRC) among Chinese is reported to be 60–75% higher than Western populations [2, 3]. As for those LRC patients, abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy is widely accepted as an effective and safe surgical strategy and considered as the standard treatment to decrease the risk of positive distal edge [4]. A stoma is a physical and psychological burden for the patients to accept this anatomical change. The reported rates of stoma-related complications (SRCs) are quite high, ranging from 21 to 70% [5, 6]. Furthermore, its real frequency is probably underestimated due to the autonomous management by stoma therapist without records. SRCs may have a great impact on the postoperative recovery, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life (QOL) [7,8,9]. Therefore, to investigate potential predictors and effective preventive measures for SRCs is of great clinical importance for prognosis improvement.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), which was first put forward by Kehlet in the mid-1990s [10], has shown notably promising results in reducing the length of stay (LOS) and morbidity after colorectal surgery [11, 12]. A recent meta-analysis by Lau et al. has demonstrated that ERAS is associated with decreased LOS, postoperative complications, economic cost, and earlier gastrointestinal function recovery in colorectal surgery [13]. Nursing is a critically important part of ERAS and it is becoming more popular in clinical application. However, the predictive role of ERAS nursing program for SRCs remains unclear, which was the main goal of this present study.

Methods

Patients

This was a single-center retrospective study and it was approved by the Medical Institutional Ethics Committee of our hospital. We retrospectively recruited LRC patients who underwent elective abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy at the Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Peoples’ Hospital between May 2016 and May 2019. Each patient was required to offer the signed informed consent. Inclusion criteria: (a) aged between 18 and 75 years; (b) with a histological diagnosis with LRC (within 8 cm from the anal verge); (c) abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy. Exclusion criteria: (a) with surgical contraindication, e.g. distant metastasis, and severe obstruction; (b) undergoing emergency operations; (c) with malignancies in other systems; (d) with severe hematological, hepatic, kidney disorder, or autoimmune diseases; (e) with preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy for cancers; (f) with incomplete data. All the patients were under the perioperative management of the same surgical, anesthesia, and nursing team. Protocols of ERAS nursing program were according to the latest Chinese guidelines of ERAS (version 2016 and 2018). In brief, preoperative ERAS program education, personalized nutritional evaluation and support (based on NRS 2002 score), psychological counseling, psychological status evaluation, and improvement (reduce anxiety), no overnight fasting (clear fluids up to 2 h and solid food up to 6 h before the induction of anaesthesia) and carbohydrate loading drinks before the surgery (10% glucose solution oral administered 1000 ml 10 h and 400 ml 2 h before the induction of anaesthesia), preoperative bowel preparation (polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder the night before the surgery), venous thromboembolism prevention (based on Caprini score), intraoperative warming (maintain core body temperature ≥ 36 °C), avoidance of routine abdominal drains and nasogastric tubes, encouraged early postoperative mobilization (postoperative day 1), early catheter remove (postoperative day 1), dietary (fluids and enteral nutrition from postoperative day 1), pain (multimodal analgesis, combined with NSAIDs, reduce the use of opioid analgesics), sleep, and psychology management were recommended. Enrolled patients were followed up for at least three months from the surgical day.

The following data were extracted from our database and recorded: (1) demographic variables including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking habits; (2) clinical baseline variables including serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, Charlson Comorbidity Index [14], nutritional risk score (NRS)-2002 [15]; (3) pathological data including T stage, N stage, TNM stage, and pathologic differentiation; (4) treatment-related variables including surgical approach, ERAS nursing program, preoperative stoma localization, operation time, estimated blood loss, height of stoma, and base area of stoma; (5) laboratory tests including hemoglobin (Hb), albumin (Alb), white blood cell (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and urea; (6) Chinese hospitalization satisfaction-related variables (11 items) including safety, environment, accessibility, respect, nursing technique, comfortableness, health education, communication, emotion support, participation in nursing, and discharge and referral; (7) prognosis-related variables including time to first exhaust and defecation, LOS, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores, self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores [16], Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) [17] including physiological function, mental health, social function, and subjective symptoms at 3 months after the surgery.

As described by previous reports, the primary observational end-point was the occurrence of early major or minor SRCs (within postoperative 30 days). In brief, major SRCs included stoma prolapse, parastomal hernia, stricture, fistula, retraction, ischemia, and bleeding. Minor SRCs included skin alterations according to the classification by SACS™ instrument (ConvaTec, Reading, Berkshire, UK) for assessing peristomal skin lesion [18].

The base area of stoma was measured postoperatively by nurses calculating from the horizontal and vertical size of the stoma base. The pathological TNM stage was identified according to the criteria by the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (7th edition).

Statistical analysis

GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Inc., CA, USA) and SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) were used for data analysis. Data are expressed as number (n) with percentage (%) or mean with standard deviation (SD) as appropriate. Data are analyzed using the Chi-square test, Student’s t-test, and Mann–Whitney U-test as appropriate. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors for SRCs. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered statistically different.

Results

Patient characteristics

Three hundred and thirty-three LRC patients who underwent elective abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy were initially enrolled. Forty-five were excluded due to the following reasons (10 with surgical contraindication, 6 undergoing emergency operations, 5 with malignancies in other systems, 9 with severe hematological, hepatic, or kidney disorder, and 15 with incomplete data) and two hundred and eighty-eight subjects were included in the analysis. The mean age of the cohort was 66.2 years and the majority (69.4%, 200/288) were male patients. The total incidence of SRCs was 26.7% (77/288). The clinicopathological characteristics associated with SRCs are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences in gender, ASA grade, smoking and drinking habits, serum CEA, T stage, N stage, TNM stage, pathologic differentiation, surgical approach, estimated blood loss, and height of stoma between patients with and without SRCs (P > 0.05). Patients in the SRCs group seemed to have a higher percentage of elderly (≥ 65 years) (P = 0.048) and overweight (BMI > 24.5) (P = 0.031). Patients with a higher NRS 2002 score (≥ 3) (P = 0.015), the base area of stoma (P = 0.019), and longer operation time (P = 0.028) were associated with SRCs occurrence. Moreover, significant differences were noted for ERAS nursing program (P = 0.010) and preoperative stoma localization (P = 0.040) between patients who developed SRCs or not.

Table 1 Clinicopathological variables associated with SRCs in LRC patients
Full size table

Laboratory variables associated with SRCs

Table 2 presents the preoperative levels of laboratory variables in patients with or without SRCs. The results indicated that patients with SRCs had higher rates of abnormal Alb (< 35.0 g/L) and CRP (> 0.8 mg/L) expressions (P = 0.025 and 0.038, respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed concerning Hb, WBC, creatinine, and urea between these two groups (P > 0.05).

Table 2 Laboratory tests associated with SRCs in LRC patients
Full size table

Risk factors for SRCs

To identify potential risk factors for SRCs, the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. As illustrated in Table 3, five variables (age, NRS 2002 score, ERAS nursing program, Alb, and CRP) were risk factors associated with SRCs (P < 0.05). Our results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated ERAS nursing program as the only independent risk factor for SRCs in LRC patients (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.31–3.12, P = 0.016).

Table 3 Risk factors associated with SRCs in LRC patients by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses
Full size table

Hospitalization satisfaction-related variables and ERAS nursing program

Based on the presence of ERAS nursing program, enrolled patients were categorized into two groups (188 with ERAS nursing program and 100 without). The eleven hospitalization satisfaction-related variables were compared between patients with or without ERAS nursing program. As shown in Table 4, patients who underwent ERAS nursing program had higher scores of 4 items (comfortableness, communication, emotional support, and participation in nursing) than those without ERAS nursing program (P < 0.05).

Table 4 ERAS nursing program and hospitalization satisfaction-related variables in LRC patients
Full size table

Prognosis-related variables and ERAS nursing program

The prognosis-related variables between ERAS nursing and non-ERAS nursing program groups are listed in Table 5. The time to first exhaust (P = 0.036) and defecation (P = 0.002), and LOS (P = 0.007) of patients in the ERAS nursing program group were all significantly lower than those in the non-ERAS nursing program group. Moreover, patients who underwent ERAS nursing program seemed to have better psychological statuses (higher SAS and SDS scores) and higher quality of life (higher GIQLI scores) than those who did not undergo ERAS nursing program (P < 0.05).

Table 5 ERAS nursing program and prognosis-related variables in LRC patients
Full size table

Discussion

To our knowledge, this was the first study to indicate ERAS nursing program as an independent risk factor for SRCs. The operation of stoma formation is commonly performed for patients with malignancy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [19]. Stoma formation is usually performed after a long and complex surgical operation. This procedure is simply undertaken, but it is associated with significant morbidity, complex and life-threatening consequences [20]. The incidence of SRCs in LRC patients after abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy was demonstrated to be 26.7% in our cohort. A previous single-center prospective study by Pearson et al. have reported an overall SRCs rate of 23.5% among 408 patients following ostomy surgery over two years [20]. Moreover, the incidences between the elective and emergency operation groups were quite similar [20]. Another study by Arumugam et al. has elaborated an incidence of 50.5% for one or more SRCs in a prospective study of 97 patients [21]. We considered that the differences in stoma location (colostomy or ileostomy), patient characteristics, surgical types, stoma nursing, and SRCs definitions were probably the main explanations for different incidences in different reports.

Various variables have been identified as independent risk factors for SRCs, including ASA grade [22], age, ileostomy, and loop stomas [23], male sex, and ileostomy creation [24]. Our results firstly demonstrated that ERAS nursing program was associated with decreased SRCs rates. A previous study by Forsmo et al. revealed that SRCs were not significantly different between ERAS and non-ERAS groups although with a tendency [25], which was not quite in accordance with our results. The stoma nursing has great impacts on the occurrence of SRCs, especially stoma infection and fecal dermatitis.

Based on our results, it appears that ERAS nursing program provided significant benefit to LRC patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy. Our results demonstrated that the ERAS nursing program can be successfully implemented in a single-center municipal hospital. With the adoption of ERAS nursing program, patients were more likely to have better hospitalization satisfaction for the items of comfortableness, communication, emotional support, and participation in nursing. Furthermore, patients who underwent ERAS nursing program had an improved prognosis, which was manifested by earlier gastrointestinal function recovery (shorter time to first exhaust and defecation), shorter LOS, higher SDS and SAS scores, higher QOL (higher GIQLI scores). The decreased narcotic use in the ERAS program partially explains enhanced bowel functional recovery due to the well-known effects of narcotics [26]. Preoperative nutritional evaluation and support by ERAS nursing program can reduce the incidence of insulin resistance and postoperative hyperglycemia, and reduce preoperative anxiety. The improvement of nutritional status is widely reported to be associated with improved systemic immune function and better prognosis [27, 28]. Stoma formation is also a great threat to QOL for LRC patients due to the low acceptance rate, troublesome stoma nursing, and psychological burden. To some extent, the decreased SRCs rate correlates with increased QOL. The importance of guarantee a further rectal continence and function in patients who underwent ostomy is mandatory. But several others factors that could alter physiologic defecation are implied in fecal continence. Bocchini et al. [29] suggest the criteria for patients selection, evaluation of clinical presentation of defecatory disorders, appropriate education about concepts of pelvic anatomy and defecation physiology, and protocols of pelvic floor rehabilitation for defecation disorders, including fecal incontinence. Based on their reports, Brusciano et al. [30] propose a modified physiatric assessment (combination of chest, abdomen, vertebral column, and perineum) instead of solely on the function and integrity of the pelvic floor. Interestingly, Gambardella et al. [31] hold the same view that the muscular synergies evaluation (a clinical-physiatric evaluation) can serve as a predictive parameter to identify incontinent patients amenable for rehabilitation treatment. In summary, a systemic evaluation is recommended before pelvic floor rehabilitation for defecation disorders.

There are some limitations to this study. First, this is a single-center study with a relatively small sample size. Second, the retrospective nature and long-time inclusion period generate some uncontrollable biases. Third, the involved mechanisms remain unknown. Last, only LRC patients were enrolled and whether our conclusions apply to other stoma operations remain uncertain. Considering ERAS nursing program can reduce postoperative SRCs, improve the hospitalization satisfaction and QOL, it would be generally desirable.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ERAS nursing program was a protective factor for SRCs and associated with improved prognosis in LRC patients undergoing elective abdominoperineal resection with sigmoidostomy.

Availability of data and materials

Please contact the corresponding author (Guoqin Feng, email: fengguoqin.tz@outlook.com) for data requests.

Abbreviations

ERAS:

Enhanced recovery after surgery

SRCs:

Stoma-related complications

LRC:

Low rectal cancer

QOL:

Life of quality

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

LOS:

Length of stay

BMI:

Body mass index

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

NRS:

Nutritional risk score

Hb:

Hemoglobin

Alb:

Albumin

WBC:

White blood cell

Hct:

Hematocrit

CRP:

C-reactive protein

SAS:

Self-rating anxiety scale

SDS:

Self-rating depression scale

GIQLI:

Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index

SD:

Standard deviation

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

OR:

Odds ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

References

  1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gu J, Chen N. Current status of rectal cancer treatment in China. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15(11):1345–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Gopall J, Shen XF, Cheng Y. Current status of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision. Am J Surg. 2012;203(2):230–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Simillis C, Baird DL, Kontovounisios C, Pawa N, Brown G, Rasheed S, Tekkis PP. A systematic review to assess resection margin status after abdominoperineal excision and pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2017;265(2):291–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bafford AC, Irani JL. Management and complications of stomas. Surg Clin North Am. 2013;93(1):145–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Shabbir J, Britton DC. Stoma complications: a literature overview. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12(10):958–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Peeters KC, Tollenaar RA, Marijnen CA, Klein Kranenbarg E, Steup WH, Wiggers T, Rutten HJ, van de Velde CJ. Dutch Colorectal Cancer G: risk factors for anastomotic failure after total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2005;92(2):211–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Miyo M, Takemasa I, Ikeda M, Tujie M, Hasegawa J, Ohue M, Kato T, Mizushima T, Doki Y, Mori M. The influence of specific technical maneuvers utilized in the creation of diverting loop-ileostomies on stoma-related morbidity. Surg Today. 2017;47(8):940–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Phatak UR, Kao LS, You YN, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM, Feig BW, Nguyen S, Cantor SB, Chang GJ. Impact of ileostomy-related complications on the multidisciplinary treatment of rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(2):507–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(5):606–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Khoo CK, Vickery CJ, Forsyth N, Vinall NS, Eyre-Brook IA. A prospective randomized controlled trial of multimodal perioperative management protocol in patients undergoing elective colorectal resection for cancer. Ann Surg. 2007;245(6):867–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wind J, Polle SW, Fung Kon Jin PH, Dejong CH, von Meyenfeldt MF, Ubbink DT, Gouma DJ, Bemelman WA, Laparoscopy and/or Fast Track Multimodal Management Versus Standard Care Study G, Enhanced Recovery after Surgery G. Systematic review of enhanced recovery programmes in colonic surgery. Br J Surg. 2006;93(7):800–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lau CS, Chamberlain RS. Enhanced recovery after surgery programs improve patient outcomes and recovery: a meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2017;41(4):899–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M. Educational, Clinical Practice Committee ESoP, Enteral N: ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(4):415–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zung WW. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics. 1971;12(6):371–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Eypasch E, Williams JI, Wood-Dauphinee S, Ure BM, Schmulling C, Neugebauer E, Troidl H. Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index: development, validation and application of a new instrument. Br J Surg. 1995;82(2):216–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bosio G, Pisani F, Fonti A, Scrocca A, Morandell C, Anselmi L, Antonini M, Militello G, Mastronicola G, Gasperini S, et al. Multicentre observational study on peristomal skin disorders. A proposal classification. G Chir. 2006;27(6–7):251–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Makela JT, Turku PH, Laitinen ST. Analysis of late stomal complications following ostomy surgery. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1997;86(4):305–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Robertson I, Leung E, Hughes D, Spiers M, Donnelly L, Mackenzie I, Macdonald A. Prospective analysis of stoma-related complications. Colorectal Dis. 2005;7(3):279–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Arumugam PJ, Bevan L, Macdonald L, Watkins AJ, Morgan AR, Beynon J, Carr ND. A prospective audit of stomas—analysis of risk factors and complications and their management. Colorectal Dis. 2003;5(1):49–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nastro P, Knowles CH, McGrath A, Heyman B, Porrett TR, Lunniss PJ. Complications of intestinal stomas. Br J Surg. 2010;97(12):1885–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Park JJ, Del Pino A, Orsay CP, Nelson RL, Pearl RK, Cintron JR, Abcarian H. Stoma complications: the Cook County Hospital experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(12):1575–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Arolfo S, Borgiotto C, Bosio G, Mistrangelo M, Allaix ME, Morino M. Preoperative stoma site marking: a simple practice to reduce stoma-related complications. Tech Coloproctol. 2018;22(9):683–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Forsmo HM, Pfeffer F, Rasdal A, Sintonen H, Korner H, Erichsen C. Pre- and postoperative stoma education and guidance within an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programme reduces length of hospital stay in colorectal surgery. Int J Surg. 2016;36(Pt A):121–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kurz A, Sessler DI. Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: pathophysiology and potential new therapies. Drugs. 2003;63(7):649–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yilmaz A, Tekin SB, Bilici M, Yilmaz H. The Significance of Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) Score as a novel prognostic parameter in small cell lung cancer. Lung. 2020;198(4):695–704.

  28. Matsubara T, Takamori S, Haratake N, Toyozawa R, Miura N, Shimokawa M, Yamaguchi M, Seto T, Takenoyama M. The impact of immune-inflammation-nutritional parameters on the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with atezolizumab. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(4):1520–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bocchini R, Chiarioni G, Corazziari E, Pucciani F, Torresan F, Alduini P, Bassotti G, Battaglia E, Ferrarini F, Galeazzi F, et al. Pelvic floor rehabilitation for defecation disorders. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(2):101–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brusciano L, Gambardella C, Tolone S, Del Genio G, Terracciano G, Gualtieri G, Schiano di Visconte M, Docimo L. An imaginary cuboid: chest, abdomen, vertebral column and perineum, different parts of the same whole in the harmonic functioning of the pelvic floor. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(6):603–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gambardella C, Brusciano L, Del Genio G, Tolone S, Terracciano G, Gualtieri G, Lucido FS, Docimo L. Predictive parameters to identify incontinent patients amenable for rehabilitation treatment: the muscular synergies evaluation. Arq Gastroenterol. 2019;56(4):452–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The study was supported by the Taizhou Science and Technology Support Plan (social development) (No. TS201801), and Jiangsu Provincial Medical Youth Talent (QNRC 2016514).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of General Surgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China

    Weiling Shao, Honggang Wang, Qun Chen, Wen Zhao & Yulian Gu

  2. Department of Nursing, Taizhou People’s Hospital, No. 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China

    Guoqin Feng

Authors
  1. Weiling Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Honggang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qun Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wen Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yulian Gu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Guoqin Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

WLS, HGW, QC, and WZ: conception and design, data collection, statistical analysis and wrote the manuscript. YLG, GQF: study design, data collection, and study design. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guoqin Feng.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study protocol was approved by the Medical Institutional Ethics Committee of Taizhou People’s Hospital. All patients included were required to offer written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shao, W., Wang, H., Chen, Q. et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery nursing program, a protective factor for stoma-related complications in patients with low rectal cancer. BMC Surg 20, 316 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-020-00978-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-020-00978-3

Keywords

BMC Surgery

ISSN: 1471-2482

Contact us