Lam AK. Update on adrenal tumours in 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) of endocrine tumours. Endocr Pathol. 2017a;28:213–27.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berends AMA, Buitenwerf E, de Krijger RR, et al. Incidence of pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma in the Netherlands: a nationwide study and systematic review. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;51:68–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feng N, Li X, Gao HD, Liu ZL, Shi LJ, Liu WZ. Urinary bladder malignant paraganglioma with vertebral metastasis: a case report with literature review. Chin J Cancer. 2013;32:624–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chattoraj AK, Rao UM, Sarkar N, Jakka S. Non-functional retroperitoneal paraganglioma: a case report. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8:1497–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mazzaglia PJ. Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Surg Oncol. 2012;106:580–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Taieb D, Pacak K. Molecular imaging and theranostic approaches in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Cell Tissue Res. 2018;372:393–401.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kiernan CM, Solórzano CC. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, and treatment. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2016;25:119–38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1915–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pooler BD, Repplinger MD, Reeder SB, Pickhardt PJ. MRI of the nontraumatic acute abdomen: description of findings and multimodality correlation. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2018;47:667–90.
Article
Google Scholar
Okutur K, Küçükler K, Öztekın E, Borlu F, Erdem L, Demır G. A rare cause of acute abdomen: ruptured adrenal pheochromocytoma. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2010;21:467–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yau KK, Siu WT, Li MK. Unusual cause of acute abdomen—ruptured retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Asian J Surg. 2008;31:32–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turchini J, Cheung VKY, Tischler AS, De Krijger RR, Gill AJ. Pathology and genetics of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Histopathology. 2018;72:97–105.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zheng X, Wei S, Yu Y, et al. Genetic and clinical characteristics of head and neck paragangliomas in a Chinese population. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:1761–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boedeker CC, Hensen EF, Neumann HP, et al. Genetics of hereditary head and neck paragangliomas. Head Neck. 2014;36:907–16.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Opocher G, Schiavi F. Functional consequences of succinate dehydrogenase mutations. Endocr Pract. 2011;17:64–71.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corssmit EP, Romijn JA. Clinical management of paragangliomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171:231–43.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Xu W, Li H, Ji Z, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li Q. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic management of paraganglioma: a single institute experience. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0149433.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Park SK, Lee JK, Joo SP, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage caused by extra-adrenal phaeochromocytoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13:388–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Makuuchi Y, Wada M, Kawashima A, et al. Paraganglioma-induced alveolar hemorrhage. Intern Med. 2015;54:487–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schuttler J, Westhofen P, Kania U, Ihmsen H, Kammerecker S, Hirner A. Quantitative assessment of catecholamine secretion as a rational principle of anesthesia management in pheochromocytoma surgery. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1995;30:341–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin MW, Chang YL, Lee YC, Huang PM. Non-functional paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:540–2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Withey SJ, Perrio S, Christodoulou D, et al. Imaging features of succinate dehydrogenase-deficient pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma syndromes. Radiographics. 2019;39:1393–410.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pillai S, Gopalan V, Lo CY, Liew V, Smith RA, Lam AK. Silent genetic alterations identified by targeted next-generation sequencing in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: a clinicopathological correlations. Exp Mol Pathol. 2017;102:41–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pillai S, Gopalan V, Smith RA, Lam AK. Updates on the genetics and the clinical impacts on phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma in the new era. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016;100:190–208.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
King KS, Pacak K. Familial pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014;386:92–100.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Kopin IJ, Crout JR. Pheochromocytoma: rediscovery as a catecholamine-metabolizing tumor. Endocr Pathol. 2003;14:193–212.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Siegert G, et al. Plasma methoxytyramine: a novel biomarker of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in relation to established risk factors of tumour size, location and SDHB mutation status. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1739–49.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bílek R, Zelinka T, Vlček P, et al. Deconjugated urinary metanephrine, normetanephrine and 3-methoxytyramine in laboratory diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Physiol Res. 2015;64:313–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Pamporaki C, Hamplova B, Peitzsch M, et al. Characteristics of pediatric vs adult pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1122–32.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rao D, Peitzsch M, Prejbisz A, et al. Plasma methoxytyramine: clinical utility with metanephrines for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177:103–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Casey R, Griffin TP, Wall D, Dennedy MC, Bell M, O’Shea PM. Screening for phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: impact of using supine reference intervals for plasma metanephrines with samples collected from fasted/seated patients. Ann Clin Biochem. 2017;54:170–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hickman PE, Leong M, Chang J, Wilson SR, McWhinney B. Plasma free metanephrines are superior to urine and plasma catecholamines and urine catecholamine metabolites for the investigation of phaeochromocytoma. Pathology. 2009;41:173–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Algeciras-Schimnich A, Preissner CM, Young WF, Singh RJ, Grebe SK. Plasma chromogranin A or urine fractionated metanephrines follow-up testing improves the diagnostic accuracy of plasma fractionated metanephrines for pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:91–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schieda N, Alrashed A, Flood TA, Samji K, Shabana W, McInnes MD. Comparison of quantitative MRI and CT washout analysis for differentiation of adrenal pheochromocytoma from adrenal adenoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016;206:1141–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jimenez C, Waguespack SG. Functional imaging for pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma: a step closer to understanding its place in clinical practice. Endocrine. 2015;50:6–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ilias I, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, et al. Comparison of 6–18F-fluorodopamine PET with 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine and 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy in localization of nonmetastatic and metastatic pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1613–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kroiss AS, Uprimny C, Shulkin BL, et al. Compared to I-MIBG SPECT/CT, F-DOPA PET/CT provides accurate tumor extent in patients with extra-adrenal paraganglioma. Ann Nucl Med. 2017;31:357–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS. Functional imaging of endocrine tumors: role of positron emission tomography. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:568–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zacharias M, Haese A, Jurczok A, Stolzenburg JU, Fornara P. Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: outline of the preoperative management, surgical approach, and outcome. Eur Urol. 2006;49:448–59.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xia L, Xu T, Wang X, et al. Robot-assisted laparoscopic resection of large retroperitoneal paraganglioma - initial experience from China. Int J Med Robot. 2016;12:686–93.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wan WH, Tan KY, Ng C, et al. Metastatic malignant phaeochromocytoma: a rare entity that underlies a therapeutic quandary. Asian J Surg. 2006;29:294–302.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nozaki T, Iida H, Morii A, Fujiuchi Y, Okumura A, Fuse H. Laparoscopic resection of adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. J Endourol. 2013;27:862–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thapar PM, Dalvi AN, Kamble RS, Vijaykumar V, Shah NS, Menon PS. Laparoscopic transmesocolic excision of paraganglioma in the organ of Zuckerkandl. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2006;16:620–2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang J, Li Y, Xiao N, et al. Retroperitoneoscopic resection of primary paraganglioma: single-center clinical experience and literature review. J Endourol. 2014;28:1345–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mak IYF, Hayes AR, Khoo B, Grossman A. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy as a novel treatment for metastatic and invasive phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Neuroendocrinology. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499497.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kloeppel G, Lloyd R, Osamura R, Roasi J, editors. Pathology and genetics of endocrine organs. Lyon: IARC Press; 2017.
Google Scholar
Tischler AS. Pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma: updates. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:1272–84.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mete O, Tischler AS, de Krijger R, et al. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with pheochromocytomas and extra-adrenal paragangliomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138:182–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Weissferdt A, Phan A, Suster S, Moran CA. Adrenocortical carcinoma: a comprehensive immunohistochemical study of 40 cases. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2014;22:24–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duregon E, VolanteM BE, et al. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: a lesson from 300 consultation cases. Hum Pathol. 2015;46:1799–807.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grossrubatscher E, Dalino P, Vignati F, et al. The role of chromogranin A in the management of patients with phaeochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;65:287–93.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lloyd RV, Blaivas M, Wilson BS. Distribution of chromogranin and S100 protein in normal and abnormal adrenal medullary tissues. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985;109:633–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feng C, Li HZ, Yan WG, et al. The significance of Ki-67 antigen expression in the distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2007;45:1697–700.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valdivia Gómez GG, Soto Guerrero MT, Cedillo de la Cruz MI. Extra-skeletal Ewing’s sarcoma resembling acute abdomen. Case report. Cirugia y cirujanos. 2010;78:159–62.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin HW, Su WC, Tsai MS, Cheong ML. Pelvic retroperitoneal leiomyoma. Am J Surg. 2010;199:e36-38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singaporewalla RM, Thamboo TP, Rauff A, Cheah WK, Mukherjee JJ. Acute abdominal pain secondary to retroperitoneal bleeding from a giant adrenal lipoma with review of literature. Asian J Surg. 2009;32:172–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Muramori K, Zaizen Y, Noguchi S. Abdominal lymphangioma in children: report of three cases. Surg Today. 2009;39:414–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yigit T, Yigitler C, Yigit C, et al. Acute abdomen due to spontaneous renal angiomyolipoma rupture. Prog Urol. 2004;14:207–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wong YY, Yeung TK, Chu WC. Atypical presentation of lymphangioleiomyomatosis as acute abdomen: CT diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:284–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pandya JS, Pai MV, Muchhala S. Retroperitoneal teratoma presenting as acute abdomen in an elderly person. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2000;19:89–90.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Goenka MK, et al. Carcinoid tumor presenting as acute abdomen due to hemoperitoneum. Indian J Gastroenterol. 1995;14:147–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shirai T, Ueda M, Nishida A, Makino H, Hano H. Non-traumatic retroperitoneal hemorrhage from renal adenoma. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1992;38:445–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leitner J, Siegal A, Shachor D, Freund U. Spontaneous rupture of renal oncocytoma with acute abdomen. Case report. Acta Chir Scand. 1988;154:611–3.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
D’Ambrosio G, Sartini G, Anselmi L, Bianchini A, Arlandini A. Acute abdomen caused by retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma (indications of a clinical case). Chir Ital. 1985;37:533–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zieker D, Königsrainer I, Miller S, et al. Simultaneous adrenal and extra-adrenal myelolipoma - an uncommon incident case report and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol. 2008;6:72.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Abbas SH, Goyal G, Yu K, Loo A. An incidental finding of extraadrenal myelolipoma in the upper abdominal cavity attached to mesentery: a rare case. Cureus. 2019;11:e4830.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dan D, Bahadursingh S, Hariharan S, Ramjit C, Naraynsingh V, Maharaj R. Extra-adrenal perirenal myelolipoma: a case report and review of literature. G Chir. 2012;33:62–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yildiz BD. Giant extra-adrenal retroperitoneal myelolipoma with incidental gastric mesenchymal neoplasias. Int Surg. 2015;100:1018–20.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dann PH, Krinsky GA, Israel GM. Case 135: presacral myelolipoma. Radiology. 2008;248:314–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernández-Amate A, Ríos-Martín JJ, Díaz-Delgado M, García-Escudero A, Otal-Salaverri C, González-Cámpora R. Cytological diagnosis of a presacral myelolipoma: a case report diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36:921–2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shereen G, Richard B, Dennis C. Small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a pelvic myelolipoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2009;2:95–8.
Google Scholar
Gill KR, Hasan MK, Menke DM, Wallace MB. Presacral myelolipoma: diagnosis by EUS-FNA and Trucut biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:849.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maria IL, Afonso G, Ana CF, Santiago O, Rui E, Isabel T. An unusual fat-containing presacral tumor in an elderly patient. Case Rep Radiol. 2014;2014:674365.
Google Scholar
Fourati H, Fourati M, Hentati Y, Daoud E, Mnif Z. Presacral myelolipoma: imaging features. Presse Med. 2015;44:1196–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee JJ, Dickson BC, Sreeharsha B, Gladdy RA, Thipphavong S. Presacral myelolipoma: diagnosis on imaging with pathologic and clinical correlation. AJR. 2016;207:470–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cho MH, Mandaliya R, Liang J, Patel M. A case report of symptomatic presacral myelolipoma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e0337.
Article
Google Scholar
Vigutto G, Lauro A, Vaccari S, et al. Giant retroperitoneal myelolipoma: an unusual diagnostic GI challenge-case report and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64:3431–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lam AK. Lipomatous tumours in adrenal gland: WHO updates and clinical implications. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 2017b;24:65–79.
Article
Google Scholar
Lazarides AL, Scott EJ, Cardona DM, Blazer DG, Brigman BE, Eward WC. Simultaneous primary presacral myelolipomas: case report and review of the literature. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2016;47:331–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar