Application of bilateral simultaneous sequential single-incision video-assisted thoracic surgery in multiple nodules both lungs: a single-center experience of 10 cases

Abstract

Objective

To discuss the application of bilateral simultaneous sequential single-incision video-assisted thoracic surgery in multiple nodules in both lungs.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 10 patients in Zhengzhou People’s Hospital who underwent single-incision thoracoscopic surgery to treat multiple nodules in both lungs at the same time from September 2019 to January 2021, and analyze the perioperative indicators (general condition, smoking history, family history, follow-up time of pulmonary nodules, size, location, height and weight, pulmonary function, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, color and volume of drainage fluid, catheterization time, perioperative complications, length of stay, pathology, patient satisfaction, etc.).

Results

All 10 patients used single-incision thoracoscopy to complete bilateral simultaneous sequential operations, aged 32 to 70 years, 8 female patients, 2 male patients, preoperative follow-up time ranging from 1 day to 2 years, a total of 23 lung nodules were removed except for the benign lesions in one nodule in the 2 patients, the other nodules were tumorous lesions (91.3%). The average total hospital stay was 10.5 days (8–14 days), and the average operation time was 194.5 min (145–292 min). The blood loss ranged from 10 to 280 ml, all patients had no serious complications during the perioperative period, and they recovered well and were discharged smoothly, and the satisfaction reached 100%.

Conclusion

Single-incision bilateral simultaneous sequential thoracoscopy have certain advantages in the treatment of patients with multiple nodules in both lungs, conforms to the concept of rapid recovery, and is a feasible choice in the shared decision making of doctors and patients.

Background

In 2011, the US-based National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) found that annual screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) substantially reduced mortality by 20% relative to conventional chest x-ray screening from lung cancer [1]. With public awareness comes early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are of key importance in preventing disease development, and LDCT is widely used for evaluation of lung disease, the detection rate for pulmonary nodules has been significantly improved. Pulmonary nodules are approximately round lesions that are defined as less than 3 cm in diameter and that are completely surrounded by lung parenchyma, without other abnormalities, and were classified as solitary or multiple lung nodules, depending on the number. Multiple lung nodules presenting as multifocal ground-glass nodules (multi-GGN) on computed tomography scan, and should be staged as multiple primaries instead of intrapulmonary metastases, they often indicate multiple primary lung cancer and pathologically adenocarcinoma. The lesions with the largest diameter among multiple nodules are called primary lesions, and the rest are called secondary lesions. The management of multiple pulmonary nodules is still debated. With increasing experience, the indications for single-incision video-assisted thoracic surgery have been expanded, and were also employed in the bilateral simultaneous thoracic surgery, our team has some experience in this field recent years, and the report is as follows.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 10 patients with bilateral pulmonary nodules who underwent bilateral simultaneous single-incision VATS in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Zhengzhou People’s Hospital from September 2019 to January 2021. Perioperative related indicators were collected, including the general information of patients, smoking history, family history, height and weight, preoperative pulmonary function; follow-up time, size and location of pulmonary nodules; intraoperative rapid freezing pathology results, intraoperative blood loss, operation time; color and volume of drainage fluid, catheterization time, perioperative complications, total hospital stay, postoperative pathology, patient satisfaction, etc.

Inclusion criteria: Bilateral multiple lung nodules with a size < 3 cm and were considered tumor nodules after multidisciplinary team consultation; This should have been an indication for surgical excision of limited pneumonectomy (total tumor size ≤ 3 cm and consolidation tumor ratio ≤ 0.5 [2,3,4]); The patient tolerated the procedure well and without apparent abnormal cardiac or pulmonary function during the perioperative examination.

Exclusion criteria: With sufficient preoperative evaluation, those patients who were unsuitable for bilateral simultaneous surgery or refused this surgical plan; Patients who were expected to have a total resection of more than 8 lung segments; A history of hemopneumothorax and pleurisy; Those with severe underlying diseases that have not been controlled and stabilized.

Surgical procedure

The proper preoperative planning and pulmonary resection procedures were developed and implemented after all patients received preoperative evaluation to assess their physical conditions, based on the size, location, and characteristics of nodules, as well as the performance status and pulmonary function testing. And under the physician–patient shared decision-making as well. Pulmonary nodules were localized by CT-guided hook-wire in all patients. Simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resection by U-VATS was performed by the same team of surgeons and anesthetists using double-lumen endotracheal intubation. The trachea was cannulated in the side of less resection of lung tissue anticipated to prevent affecting the safety of surgery. Lateral position, the side with more lung tissue anticipated to be resected side down. The 4th or 5th intercostal space between the anterior axillary and the axillary middle line as surgical incision of about 3 cm was used as the endoscopic and operative holes. Frozen-section pathological examinations were performed on all resected specimens intraoperatively. And the wedge resection, pulmonary segment resection or pulmonary lobectomy was depended on it. Two drainage tubes was routinely placed after the operation, a thick drainage tube (20F) was placed at the top of the chest through the dorsal side of the incision, and another thin one (10F) like central venous catheter was placed percutaneously through the 7th intercostal space on the posterior axillary line. Air and bloody liquid was evacuated via the drainage tube when we perform another side operation. A U-shaped cushion was positioned below the body used to maintain an unobstructed drainage tube. The same procedure was performed on the contralateral side.

Follow-up

All patients were followed up with chest CT and serum tumor markers [carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), squamous carcinoma-associated antigen (SCC), neuron specific enolase (NSE)] every 3 months and with cranial MRI and abdominal CT (including adrenals) every half year, and whenever necessary with positive symptoms at our outpatient clinic.

Results

All 10 patients underwent simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resection by single-incision VATS. Our patients’ cohort comprised 2 men and 8 women, with mean age 52.8 (range 28–70) years. Preoperative follow-up time for pulmonary nodules from 1 day to 2 years. Pieces of lungs were removed, and the nodules were counted. A total of 23 lung nodules were resected, the nodules except for the benign lesions on one side of the nodules in 2 patients were tumor lesions (91.3%). The average total hospital stay was 10.5 (range 8–14) days, the average operation time was 194.5 (range 145–292) min, and the blood loss was 10–280 ml. We encountered no major perioperative complications in this group, the patient recovered well from surgery and discharged from our department uneventful with a satisfaction level of 100%. The details are showing in Table 1.

Table 1 Detailed analysis of 10 patients with simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resection by single-incision VATS

Discussion

The detection rate for pulmonary nodules, particularly multiple pulmonary nodules, has been significantly improved. Follow-up and observation, bilateral procedures, staged surgeries, surgery combined with radiofrequency ablation, irradiation are options, each have their own indications and advantages and disadvantages. Treatment regime should be individualized for patients. There were lots of confusion they were facing among the diagnose and treatment of the nodules. Clinicians often need to make a decision after careful evaluation in terms of patient willingness, economics, technical feasibility, and safety.

For patients with bilateral disease we intend to do simultaneous surgery, we used to perform median thoracotomy, bilateral intercostal incision with vertical midline extension, Mercedes-type, or bilateral posterolateral incision. It gradually decreases with time in all indications because the more traumatized and cardiorespiratory function affected except bilateral lung transplantation. There are certain strengths of bilateral simultaneous surgery: the cost, length of total hospital stay, risk presented the secondary anaesthetic and surgery, tremendous psychological pressure on patients and their relatives, risk of tumor progression and in-hospital complications have decreased, and return a patient to normal life as quickly as possible [5,6,7,8,9]. With the increasing use of laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery, particularly the expand indications of single-incision VATS [10, 11], patients undergoing fast-track rehabilitation suffer from less pain and have a faster return in the postoperative course. It’s possible for patients with bilateral disease who underwent bilateral operation at one operative setting.

Surgeons have been fervent about this innovative method since as early as the 1950s [8, 12, 13]. Lunxu Liu, from the Department of Thoracic Surgery of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, demonstrates the value of single-port thoracoscopic surgery in treating multiple primary lung cancers in 2014. Further exploration of this method after this, the majority of the lesions involved bilateral lungs disease like bilateral isolated metastases [14], bilateral pulmonary bullae with unilateral/bilateral pneumothorax and lung volume reduction surgery for patients with severe emphysema [15]. And may involve empyema [16], bilateral pleural biopsies, bilateral thoracic sympathectomy [17, 18] and thymoma complicated with myasthenia gravis, etc.

With the advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques, especially the double-lumen endotracheal tube (DLT) technology progresses, and it’s essential for thoracic surgery that requires one-lung ventilation, those all have played a positive role in development of the field of thoracic surgery [18]. Bilateral simultaneous surgery has greater impact on ventilation/blood flow, and is a challenge in anesthesia research as well. Surgeon usually as a staged procedure with the section of less lung tissue side done first, it is better for the attending anesthesiologists to apply the airway plan for tracheal intubation with a DLT and isolating each lung with the main airway on the side with more remaining lungs. During surgery, single contralateral lung ventilation was used, and the other lung were mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Maintaining the unobstructed drainage tube when the same procedure was repeated on the other side is another key factor. In operatively, patients were treated with ventilator-assisted ventilation to achieve peripheral oxygen saturations above 90%.

Patient with worse pain may be more likely to have bilateral surgery than unilateral surgery. After the operation, the intravenous pump is routinely placed and non-steroidal analgesics were used for active and appropriate pain management in our department. In addition, we use double-tube drainage to drain the effusion, a thick thoracic drainage tube was routinely indwelled in the surgical incision, and a thin thoracic drainage tube was indwelled in the seventh intercostal space of the midaxillary line below the incision. When the drainage volume in the surgical area was no obvious bubble formation, the colour of the drainage fluid became clear and the thin tube was unobstructed, the thick drainage tube was removed as possible and alleviate the pain to help them rehabilitate as soon as possible.

Nursing staff requirements highly for bilateral simultaneous surgery, high-quality care which used during perioperative period are helpful to the recovery of patients. At the same time, a correct understanding of superior and inferior of bilateral simultaneous operation were given preoperatively to the patients, was helpful to avoid overtreatment and alleviate the family’s anxiety. Effects of timing and reinforcement of preoperative education on illness education, disease management and recovery of patients having surgery.

The application of rapid recovery protocols may accelerate the recovery of these patients, reduce the hospital stay and recognized by the wide medical community and patients. Bilateral sequential operation conformed to the rapid rehabilitation surgery concept and may be suitable and beneficial in clinical practice and helpful to the recovery of patients. There is currently no standard guideline and large clinic-based studies when selecting patients for bilateral surgery. The rationale for selection was based on surgical operator’ own clinical experience. After we managed the journals searches [2,3,4,5,6,7, 9, 14, 15, 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24] and summaries of related work experience in our department, there are several caveats to our study that are noted throughout and summarized below.

• ① Such patients without a complicating pleural infection, thoracic trauma with hemopneumothorax and rib fractures, a history of prior pleurodesis or any subtle pleural nodularity or thickening is found on preoperative chest CT scans;

• ② With appropriate monitoring of cardiopulmonary parameters it can be performed safely and is well tolerated. Walking up 3-story fall without resting at their normal pace. Pulmonary function FEV1 > 80% and MVV > 70%, the range is less than or equal to 8 segments based on the anatomy of the bronchial tree expected, the ability to tolerate single-lung ventilation;

• ③ With the lung nodule preoperative localization by Hookwire or other methods;

• ④ Except for the right middle lobe combined with left lung limited pneumonectomy, it is not recommended to combine the other lung lobes with contralateral pneumonectomy, and at least one side should be subjected to limited pneumonectomy;

• ⑤ When attending anesthesiologists perform double-lumen tracheal intubation, it is recommended that the side with the expected less lung resection be the main tube;

• ⑥ Soft and thin drainage tubes and combined drainage of upper thick tube and lower thin tube were recommend for bilateral thoracic drainage tubes, it is helpful to remove the thick tube as soon as possible after operation for quick recovery after operation;

• ⑦ The intravenous pump combine non-steroidal analgesics were used for adequate analgesia, and coughing and sputum were recommended for protection against respiratory infection;

• ⑧ Pay attention to the infusion volume and rate to alleviate the lung edema and injury and prevented cardiac insufficiency;

• ⑨ The patient should be placed in a semirecumbent position and was encouraged to be out of bed the first postoperative day as soon as possible, for pleural fluid obey gravity and favor a net movement.

We acknowledge that it has some limitations, the number of cases in this group is small and most of them are limited pneumonectomy. In clinical application, it is necessary to fully consider the comprehensive condition of the patients and individualized treatment plans need to be formulated to improve the adherence of patients.

Conclusions

In summary, the difficulty is how to choose bilateral surgery simultaneous and staged bilateral surgery in multiple nodules both lungs. Simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resections by single-incision VATS is a feasible and safe procedure in appropriate patients. However, it should be noted that “being proficient before surgery, cautious during surgery, and diligent after surgery” facilitates rapid recovery of patients.

With the range operative indications for subxiphoid surgical window, it avoids the change of position during the bilateral operation and increases the duration of surgery and anesthesia to some extent, also has some advantages [15, 21], and we hope their superior and inferior will be confirmed by a larger study. The treatment by a combination of ablation procedure ablative therapy, stereotactic radiotherapy and surgery [23, 25] may minimize the risk of surgical adverse events. It’s of special value for patients who are unable to tolerate bilateral surgery.