Skip to main content
Download PDF

Advantages of ligating the rectum with gauze pad band in laparoscopic anterior resection of rectal cancer: a propensity score matched analysis

BMC Surgery volume 22, Article number: 368 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

It is difficult to maintain sufficient tension throughout laparoscopic anterior resection with total mesorectal excision, which causes a decline in surgical quality. We used a soft, inexpensive gauze pad band pulling the rectal tube to analyze the effect of surgery.

Methods

A gauze pad band was positioned at the proximal of the tumor, followed by fastening the rectal tube and ligating the rectum. 233 patients undergoing laparoscopic anterior resection for mid to low rectal cancer were enrolled between January 2018 and December 2020. After propensity score matching, 63 cases were selected in gauze pad band group and 126 cases were selected in traditional group. The two groups were compared in preoperative, intraoperative, and pathological characteristics.

Results

Compared to traditional group, the median operation duration (203 min vs. 233 min, p < 0.001) and the median intraoperative bleeding (48 ml vs. 67 ml, p < 0.001) were lesser in gauze pad band group. A higher percentage of one cartridge transection of rectum (36/63 vs. 51/126, p = 0.030), shorter length of cartridges used (6.88 ± 1.27 cm vs. 7.28 ± 1.25 cm, p = 0.040), and longer distal resection margin (2.74 ± 0.76 cm vs. 2.16 + 0.68 cm, p < 0.001) were found in the gauze pad band group. The completeness of total mesorectal excision (61/63 vs. 109/126, p = 0.022), harvested lymph nodes (19 vs. 17, p < 0.001) and positive lymph nodes (1 vs. 0, p = 0.046) were higher in gauze pad band group.

Conclusion

Ligation of the rectum with a gauze pad band allows for a reduction in operative time and intraoperative bleeding while increasing the rate of one cartridge transection. It also protected the quality of total mesorectal excision and membrane anatomy.

Trial registration: Not applicable.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Being one of the most prevalent malignancies in the world, rectal cancer has the third greatest incidence and second fatality rate [1]. The principle of total mesorectal excision (TME) has been well accepted by rectal surgeons worldwide with reduction of recurrence, improvement of disease-free and overall survival [2]. It requires a mobilization through the avascular embryologic plane to dissect the tumor and mesorectum [3].

At present, surgery has always been the main curative method used for rectal cancer and the laparoscopy has been demonstrated with similar results compared to open surgery [4]. However, laparoscopic surgeons still have anatomical, technical and visual restrictions when dissecting the rectum deep in the pelvis with rigid instruments. Owing to the limitation of the narrow pelvis for middle and low rectal cancer, the difficulty for surgeons to operate increased, especially in patients with male sex, obesity and bulky tumors. The appropriate tension of the tissue and the adequate exposure of the surgical field are the important factors to protect the completeness of mesorectum and decrease the damage to surrounding organs. How to ensure the better quality of TME and reduce the postoperative complications are challenges for most surgeons.

The membrane anatomy theory has stated that dissection along the fascial spaces may offer better preservation of blood vessels, nerves and rectal mesentery [5]. We have to mobilize along the fascial spaces with sufficient tension, while procedure is difficult in the deep pelvis with less tension [6]. A few articles have been reported pulling the rectum in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery by tools. The number of cases in early related articles was only 10 to 25 [7,8,9], which was not discussed in depth. In contrast, while recent studies mainly discussed that ligation of the rectum can reduce the number of cartridges related to increased anastomotic leakage (AL) [10, 11] and improve the recent outcomes of surgery [10,11,12], but did not evaluate the pathological quality. In addition, because some of the ligation tools [11, 12] selected by the institute cannot be untied, so it cannot be moved into the pelvis according to the specific situation, the hard tools are easy to damage the rectal canal and destroy the integrity of the mesorectum.

In this paper, we introduce a very convenient pull method in laparoscopic anterior resection (LAR) of middle and low rectal cancer: ligate the rectum with the gauze pad band (GPB). This technique is very frequently used in southeast Asia, but no reports on its advantages have been made so far. The soft texture of this pulling material does not damage the mesentery and is convenient available at no additional cost. Unlike the previous study in the distal rectum [7,8,9, 11, 12], we ligate the rectal canal at the proximal end of the tumor. After propensity score matching (PSM), this study retrospectively analyzed the results of pulling the rectum in improving the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, protecting the completion of TME and membrane anatomy.

Methods

Patients

Every rectal adenocarcinoma patient undergoing LAR for middle and low rectal cancer with TNM stage I, II, III between January 2018 and December 2020 was included in this study. We excluded patients with a history of preoperative abdominal surgery or who underwent emergency surgery. Patients with urinary or sexual dysfunction preoperative and those without colonoscopy and pathology reports were not included. Patients with distant metastases were excluded by Chest CT scan, abdominal CT scan and CT or MRI before surgery. Patients who had complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy suffered a “watch and wait” nonoperative management approach and were excluded from the study. Finally, 76 patients using GPB and 157 patients using traditional method were selected in our study. All patients selected in this study signed informed consents. Baseline demographic, intraoperative, postoperative, pathological data were collected and postoperative complications were graded with respect to the Clavien-Dindo classification system [13].

Tumor location and staging

According to ESMO guideline, the tumors were classified as low (≤ 5 cm), middle (> 5 cm, ≤ 10 cm) and high (> 10 cm, ≤ 15 cm) [14]. The distance between the tumor lower edge and the anal margin was measured by colonoscopy and digital rectal examination. We performed tumor staging and classification by preoperative colonoscopy, pelvic MRIs, and pathological results according to the 7th edition of AJCC guideline [15].

Propensity score matching (PSM)

PSM was performed for the aim of minimizing selection bias caused by retrospective analysis [16]. Bivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the propensity scores for each patient based on the covariates of tumor location, height of the tumor and neoadjuvant chemoradiation. PSM was obtained at a 1:2 ratio between two groups. Ultimately, 63 patients who underwent LAR with GPB and 126 patients who underwent LAR with traditional instruments were enrolled and analyzed after being matched.

Gauze pad band (GPB)

The GPB (Henan Piaoan Group Co., Ltd., China) used in the procedure is a tape over the medical gauze pad with a length of 33.0 cm and a width of 1.1 cm (Fig. 1), which is cut off at the attached point of gauze pad.

Fig. 1
figure 1

The medical gauze pad band

Full size image

Operative Technique

All surgeons who participated in the study were experts who had performed LAR for > 5 years. Four certified surgeons with over 50 LAR cases performed the operations in traditional instruments. The operations in GPB group were all performed by the same surgeon (X.L.), who had performed over 200 cases of LAR with GPB. The assistants were all qualified physicians who have participated resident training and have more than 50 cases of LAR experience, meeting the Bege’s [17] requirement of 50 procedures in the learning curve for laparoscopic rectal cancer. The assistants’ experience was classified according to the number of years after resident training (> 5 years after resident training or ≤ 5 years after resident training).

The operation was undertaken according to the guideline of TME [3]. When the operator mobilized the rectum and dissected it until weldeyer's fascia level, a GPB was placed into the abdominal cavity via a 12 mm trocar in the right lower quadrant and encircled the rectal canal at least 3 cm at the upper side of the tumor to ligate the rectal canal and the mesentery with only one knot (Fig. 2a, b). Assistant surgeon used instrument to grasp the knotted point and pull the rectum to provide adequate exposure when perform mesorectal dissection. The GPB will be pulled to the left, right and front side (Fig. 2c–f), exposing the corresponding surgical fields. For lower rectal cancer in the deep pelvis, the thread junction can be loosened, moved down to the appropriate site and then knotted to maintain the enough tension.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Encircle and pull the rectal canal for adequate expose of the surgical fields. a, b Encircle the proximal rectal canal and ligate with one knot. c Pull the rectal canal to left direction. d Pull the rectal canal to right direction. e, f Pull the rectal canal to abdominal direction

Full size image

A linear stapler (Endo GIA™ Ultra Universal stapler 60 mm or 45 mm, Covidien, USA) was positioned in the abdominal cavity for rectal transection. Using the traditional instrument to ligate the rectum, mark the transection line at the right edge of the rectal wall with a clip (Fig. 3a, b). Then use the GPB for pulling the rectum to the left side so that the fork of the linear stapler was placed at a vertical angel to complete rectal transection (Fig. 3c). The difference in the total length of cartridges with GPB and traditional instrument was showed in Fig. 3d. By pulling the rectum, the bowel was fully contacted with the stapler and the rectum could be transected with a cartridge (Fig. 4a, b). For male pelvis and obese patients, a second cartridge may be needed, but an approximate vertical angel could be achieved by pulling the rectum with GPB (Fig. 4c). Finally, the GPB was removed along with the surgical specimen from a small incision. During the operation, be careful not to tie the tumor, which may damage the integrity of the tumor and cause tumor metastasis. Traditional group used traditional instruments to clamp the rectum for surgical field exposure.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Transect the rectal canal with the traditional approach and the GPB approach. a The angle of inclination between the stapler and the rectum without GPB ligation. △1 the angle between the transection line by the traditional approach and the GPB approach. b Marking the right edge of the rectal canal with a clip along the transection line in the traditional method. c The linear stapler is perpendicular to the major axis of rectal canal with the GPB to pull the rectum. d Without the GPB ligation, the total length of cartridges is a oblique line (blue line). After using the GPB, the total length of cartridges decreases (yellow line)

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

Transect the low rectum with the GPB ligation. a, b The rectum is transected with a cartridge by using the GPB to pull the rectal canal. c A near perpendicular angle is achieved by pulling the rectal canal when second cartridge is needed

Full size image

Measurement of blood loss

The volume of blood loss was measured by negative pressure suction device and the sterile gauze pieces (Henan Piaoan Group Co., Ltd., China).

Pathological assessment

Three physicians in our pathology department are involved in the processing of gastrointestinal surgical pathology specimens. All pathology specimens in this study were judged by two gastrointestinal pathologists according to uniform criteria, and surgeons were generally not involved in. When fewer than 12 postoperative lymph nodes (LNs) were collected in the rectal specimens, a surgeon and pathologist worked together to find the LNs.

The completeness of TME was accessed by distal resection margin, circumstance resection margin, the number of harvested LNs and positive LNs, and the integrity of mesorectum. According to Nagtegaals’ [18] research, the quality of the mesorectum was categorized in three grades: complete, nearly complete and incomplete.

Endpoint

The primary endpoints included the assessment of the operative findings (operative time (OP), blood loss, number of cartridges used), complication rates 30 days after surgery. The secondary endpoints were the pathology reports, including the positive rate of circumferential and distal resection margin, R0 resection rate, number of harvest LNs and positive LNs, the integrity of mesorectum and the TNM stage.

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed by using the χ2 test for comparisons of categorical parameters. The continuous parameters were compared using Student’s t test or the Mann–Whitney U test. A p value < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Postmatching baseline characteristics

Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the two groups after PSM. Each group consisted of 63 and 126 patients, and the two groups were well matched with no significant differences.

Table 1 Prematching and postmatching baseline characteristics
Full size table

Intraoperative and postoperative characteristics

The intraoperative characteristics demonstrated in Table 2 indicated a lower median OP (203 min vs. 233 min, p < 0.001) and intraoperative bleeding (48 ml vs. 67 ml, p < 0.001) in the GPB group. The GPB group had a higher rate of rectum transection with one cartridge (36/63 vs. 51/126, p = 0.030), especially for male (23/37 vs. 29/79, p = 0.010), low rectal cancer (19/43 vs. 20/82, p = 0.023), high BMI (14/21 vs. 19/48, p = 0.038) and tumor > 5 cm (8/9 vs. 9/23, p = 0.032). The 30-day postoperative complications were similar between the two groups (11/63 vs. 23/126, p = 0.893).

Table 2 Intraoperative and thirty-day postoperative outcomes
Full size table

Pathological characteristics

Table 3 describes pathological outcomes after surgery. The GPB group had a longer distal resection margin (DRM) than traditional group (2.74 ± 0.76 cm vs. 2.16 + 0.68 cm, p < 0.001). This difference is mainly for low rectal cancer (1.78 ± 0.67 cm vs. 1.23 ± 0.59 cm, p < 0.001). For middle rectal cancer, the DRM was not statistically different (3.03 ± 0.83 cm vs. 2.97 ± 0.77, p = 0.641). The GPB group had a shorter length of cartridges (6.88 ± 1.27 cm vs. 7.28 ± 1.25, p = 0.040). Statistically, the GPB group had more harvested LNs (19 vs. 17, p < 0.001) and positive LNs (1 vs. 0, p = 0.046), had a great number of cases with completeness TME (61/63 vs. 109/126, p = 0.022) than traditional group.

Table 3 Pathological assessment of patients
Full size table

Discussion

With the widely development of LAR, the understanding of surgical skills, careful anatomy have also gradually deepened. Performing high quality TME, shortening OP and reducing intraoperative unintentional injuries are the goals pursued by surgeons. According to the theory of membrane anatomy, LAR with high BMI, male narrow pelvis and sphincter-preserving surgery is a huge challenge for most rectal surgeons. One of the key reasons is lack of maintain enough tension in LAR. We describe here a convenient method for encircling up the proximal rectal canal, attempt to enhance the quality of TME surgery.

Different physicians have different understandings of GPB technique, they often decide whether to use GPB based on their own preferences and their cooperation with their assistants. After performing 200 cases of LAR for middle and low rectal cancer, although our team has acquired some experience and has become more skilled, we still felt that the use of GPB could result in shorter OP and more standard TME, therefore we conducted this study. We hope that our study will generate other surgeons' interest in GPB technique and provide a theoretical basis for the advantages of using GPB.

Perioperative characteristic

Most studies have shown that extended OP is related to increased risks of surgical site infections (SSI) [19] and AL [20]. Increased intraoperative bleeding has been reported to be associated with increased postoperative complications [21]. In the present study, less OP (203 min vs. 233 min, p < 0.001) and less intraoperative bleeding (48 ml vs. 67 ml, p < 0.001) were found in the GPB group, which similar to the results of Akiyo Matsumoto [10] and Sang Woo Lim [12]. The limitations of performing surgery in a narrow pelvis made it more difficult to provide adequate exposure and maintain proper tension [6]. The GPB provided sufficient tension to pull the rectum, which expose the surgical field in the deep pelvis. This allowed us to mobilize the rectum along the holy plane and avoid intraoperative damage to blood vessels, nerves and organs, which leads to shorter OP and lower blood loss [22]. In our study, the blood loss in GPB group was lesser than NGPB group, it is only few milliliters of blood, although having statistical significance, the effect on postoperative complications was not significant. Less blood loss could decrease the influence on surgical field, allowing for a clearly anatomical level, avoiding damage to the pelvic nerves and helping to reduce OP. Postoperative complication is one of the core indicators to assess postoperative recovery. The complication rate between the two group were similar (11/63 vs. 23/126, p = 0.893), consistent with the previous findings [10, 12], which demonstrated the use of GPB is safe and feasible. Previous studies have reported that OP is associated with SSI [19]. In this study, despite the shorter OP in the GPB group, there was no reduction in the incidence of SSI (4/63 vs. 6/126, p = 0.909). First, all patients in this study underwent LAR which had a reduced incidence of SSI compared to open abdominal surgery [23]. Second, we made only a small incision in the abdomen and used an incision protector for specimen removal to achieve a lower incidence of SSI [24].

Multiple cartridges and AL

Long-term survival outcomes after rectal cancer surgery can be affected by AL [25]. Numerous studies have proposed occurrence of AL is associated with increased use of cartridges during surgery [25,26,27]. With this technique, we made fewer cartridges (1 (1,2) vs. 2 (1,2), p = 0.031) and increased the percentage of single cartridge transection (36/63 vs. 51/126, p = 0.030) in GPB group, the results were similar to Wang [11]. A narrow pelvis may led to an inevitable oblique transection with the linear stapler, thus increased the number of cartridges used and total length transected [28]. Repeated stapling at the same closed end [29] may cause tissue ischemia locally and lead to AL [30]. In the present study, we used GPB pulling the rectum to the cranial side to overcome the restriction of the rigid instrument in the narrow pelvis, keep the linear stapler be perpendicular to the major axis of rectal canal, shorten the total length of cartridges (6.88 ± 1.27 cm vs. 7.28 ± 1.25, p = 0.040) and reduce the number of cartridges used.

The AL is related with poor oncologic prognosis [31, 32]. Increased use of cartridges was a risk factor for AL [25,26,27, 29, 33]. The number of cartridges reduced, but the incidence of AL (2/63 vs. 4/126, p = 1.000) seemed not decrease in GPB group. Firstly, all patients underwent LAR in this study, the incidence of AL has decreased compared to open surgery [34, 35]. Secondly, the occurrence of AL was also influenced by non-technical factors such as gender, ASA score, preoperative (chemo)radiation therapy, intraoperative complications, precompression before stapler firings, blood supply [30, 36, 37]. A review of the 2 cases with AL in GPB group revealed that 2 patients were both male and 1 had received prolonged chemotherapy therapy preoperatively, which probably increased the incidence of AL. Thirdly, protective ileostomy can reduce the symptoms of AL [38], the protective ileostomy number of patients with a protective ileostomy was higher in both groups, which may hiding the occurrence of postoperative AL. Fourthly, only the patients with AL grade B and C were counted, which may be one of the reasons for the no statistical difference [39]. Additional researches are needed to confirm that GPB could reduce the incidence of AL.

Pathology

The 9th edition of the JCCRC [40] stated that if tumor is located above or below the perirectal reflection, DRM needs to be at least 3 cm or 2 cm from the tumor lower edge. LAR seemed difficult to obtain adequate DRM, especially for male narrow pelvis and high BMI [6, 41, 42]. Nowadays, relevant studies have now confirmed that DRM of more than 1 cm should be a safe distance [43, 44]. In this study, the mean length of DRM was longer in GPB group (2.74 ± 0.76 cm vs. 2.16 + 0.68 cm, p < 0.001), especially for low rectal cancer (1.78 ± 0.67 cm vs. 1.23 ± 0.59 cm, p < 0.001). It seems similar to the findings of Wang et al. [11] and Akiyo Matsumoto et al. [45]. Sang Woo Lim et al. [12] have reported that DRM did not become longer, but they have discussed that adequate dissection could bring a safe DRM by pulling the rectum. The difficulties to expose the surgical field and get standardized distal margin due to the narrow pelvic space, low tumor position and tissue edema [6], with particularly reference to low-lying rectal cancer or after neoadjuvant therapy. By using a GPB to encircle the proximal rectal canal, the rectum could be pulled from the deep pelvic cavity for fully exposure of surgical field, further dissect the distal rectum and get adequate length of distal margin.

Rectal cancer surgery based on TME principles reduced local recurrence rate and improved 5-year survival rate [2]. Depending on the classification described by Nagtegaal, the integrity of TME can be categorized into complete, nearly complete, and incomplete [18]. In this study, we included the complete and nearly complete of mesentery as standard specimens. 61 (96.8%) specimens have met the standard in the GPB group while 109 (86.5%) specimens in the traditional group have done (p = 0.022). Surgical field exposure in the deep pelvis and the use of rigid instruments increased the difficulty of anatomy [6, 46] and decreased the quality of TME completion [47]. In this study, we minimized the restriction of the narrow pelvic structures by using GPB to encircle the rectal canal and pull the rectum to the cranial side. Unlike rigid instruments, GPB could pull the rectum into every direction in order to expose the tissue around the rectum and avoid damage the integrity of the rectal mesentery. Inadequate elevation of the rectum confused us when dissected the mesentery posteriorly. By stretching the rectum to the ventral side, the laparoscopic can further move to the deep pelvis, helping to identify the anatomical level more clearly and improving the integrity of the rectal mesentery.

The number of detected LNs guarantees the accuracy of postoperative pathological staging [48]. Our study found that the GPB group dissected more harvested LNs (19 vs. 17, p < 0.001) and positive LNs (1 vs. 0, p = 0.046). Previous studies have pointed out [49, 50] the length of resected rectal canal was associated with the number of LNs obtained. We have found that the length of DRM increased in the GPB group, we could remove a sufficient length of rectal canal to ensure completely resection of the LNs.

This study has several limitations. First, this was a single retrospective study, which may have influenced the results, although PSM was used to reduce selection bias. Second, patients in the traditional group were operated by four certified and experienced surgeons, but surgical procedures may have differed depending on surgeon preference, technique, and surgical experience. Further prospective and randomized clinical trials are needed in the future to overcome the limitations of retrospective design and selection bias.

Conclusion

In summary, using GPB to pull the rectum could reduce the OP and intraoperative bleeding, increase the length of DPM and reduce the number of cartridges used; improve pathological results for increasing the number of complete TME and harvested LNs. Therefore, we believe that using a GPB to pull the rectum is safe and feasible for rectal cancer.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

TME:

Total mesorectal excision

AL:

Anastomotic leakage

LAR:

Laparoscopic anterior resection

GPB:

Gauze pad band

PSM:

Propensity score matching

OP:

Operative time

BMI:

Body mass index

DRM:

Distal resection margin

LNs:

Lymph nodes

SSI:

Surgical site infections

ASA:

American Society of Anaesthesiologists

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

References

  1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Knol J, Keller DS. Total mesorectal excision technique-past, present, and future. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2020;33(3):134–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Heald RJHE, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery—the clue to pelvic recurrence? Br J Surg. 1982;69(10):613–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Fleshman J, Branda ME, Sargent DJ, et al. Disease-free survival and local recurrence for laparoscopic resection compared with open resection of stage II to III rectal cancer: follow-up results of the ACOSOG Z6051 randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2019;269(4):589–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gong JP. Rise and mix of membrane anatomy. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2020;23(7):629–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rouanet P, Mourregot A, Azar CC, et al. Transanal endoscopic proctectomy: an innovative procedure for difficult resection of rectal tumors in men with narrow pelvis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(4):408–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bulut O. Ligation of the rectum with an extracorporeal sliding knot facilitating laparoscopic cross-stapling: a procedure revisited. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2013;23(11):938–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Park SJ, Choi SI, Lee SH, et al. Endo-satinsky clamp for rectal transection during laparoscopic total mesorectal excision. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53(3):355–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chung CCKS, Leung KL, Lau WY, Li AK. Use of a cotton tape tie in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Aust N Z J Surg. 1997;67(5):293–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Matsumoto A, Arita K. Laparoscopic-assisted rectal surgery for rectal cancer using the simple rectum catcher device with an intraoperative colonoscopy: results of our hospital study in 203 patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(12):3941–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bi L, Deng X, Meng X, et al. Ligating the rectum with cable tie facilitates rectum transection in laparoscopic anterior resection of rectal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2020;405(2):233–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lim SW, Kim HR, Kim YJ. Intracorporeal traction of the rectum with a beaded plastic urinary drainage bag hanger: comparison with conventional laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. World J Surg. 2018;42(1):239–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML, et al. The Clavien–Dindo classification of surgical complications. Ann Surg. 2009;250(2):187–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Glynne-Jones R, Wyrwicz L, Tiret E, et al. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(suppl4):iv22–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. The Journal of the American Medical Association. AJCC cancer staging manual. JAMA. 2010;304(15):1726–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Heinze G, Juni P. An overview of the objectives of and the approaches to propensity score analyses. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(14):1704–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bege T, Lelong B, Esterni B, et al. The learning curve for the laparoscopic approach to conservative mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: lessons drawn from a single institution’s experience. Ann Surg. 2010;251(2):249–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJ, van der Worp E, Kapiteijn E, Quirke P, van Krieken JH, Cooperative Clinical Investigators of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20 (7): 1729–34.

  19. Cheng H, Chen BP, Soleas IM, et al. Prolonged operative duration increases risk of surgical site infections: a systematic review. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017;18(6):722–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. van Rooijen SJ, Huisman D, Stuijvenberg M, et al. Intraoperative modifiable risk factors of colorectal anastomotic leakage: why surgeons and anesthesiologists should act together. Int J Surg. 2016;36(Pt A):183–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Koh MBC, Hunt BJ. The management of perioperative bleeding. Blood Rev. 2003;17(3):179–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tsukamoto S, Nishizawa Y, Ochiai H, et al. Surgical outcomes of robot-assisted rectal cancer surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System: a multi-center pilot Phase II study. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2017;47(12):1135–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Penninckx F, Kartheuser A, Van de Stadt J, et al. Outcome following laparoscopic and open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2013;100(10):1368–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mihaljevic AL, Muller TC, Kehl V, et al. Wound edge protectors in open abdominal surgery to reduce surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3): e0121187.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Park JS, Choi GS, Kim SH, et al. Multicenter analysis of risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic rectal cancer excision: the Korean laparoscopic colorectal surgery study group. Ann Surg. 2013;257(4):665–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Braunschmid T, Hartig N, Baumann L, et al. Influence of multiple stapler firings used for rectal division on colorectal anastomotic leak rate. Surg Endosc. 2017;31(12):5318–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Balciscueta Z, Uribe N, Caubet L, et al. Impact of the number of stapler firings on anastomotic leakage in laparoscopic rectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24(9):919–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lee S, Ahn B, Lee S. The relationship between the number of intersections of staple lines and anastomotic leakage after the use of a double stapling technique in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2017;27(4):273-81.

  29. Kawada K, Hasegawa S, Hida K, et al. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic low anterior resection with DST anastomosis. Surg Endosc. 2014;28(10):2988–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Kawada K, Sakai Y. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic low anterior resection with double stapling technique anastomosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(25):5718–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Takahashi H, Haraguchi N, Nishimura J, et al. The severity of anastomotic leakage may negatively impact the long-term prognosis of colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2018;38(1):533–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kaser SA, Mattiello D, Maurer CA. Distant metastasis in colorectal cancer is a risk factor for anastomotic leakage. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(3):888–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim CW, Baek SJ, Hur H, et al. Anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection for rectal cancer is different between minimally invasive surgery and open surgery. Ann Surg. 2016;263(1):130–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kang CY, Halabi WJ, Chaudhry OO, et al. A nationwide analysis of laparoscopy in high-risk colorectal surgery patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(2):382–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Zheng H, Wu Z, Wu Y, et al. Laparoscopic surgery may decrease the risk of clinical anastomotic leakage and a nomogram to predict anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34(2):319–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sciuto A, Merola G, De Palma GD, et al. Predictive factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(21):2247–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Trencheva K, Morrissey KP, Wells M, et al. Identifying important predictors for anastomotic leak after colon and rectal resection. Ann Surg. 2013;257(1):108–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Boyce SA, Harris C, Stevenson A, et al. Management of low colorectal anastomotic leakage in the laparoscopic era: more than a decade of experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60(8):807–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Rahbari NN, Weitz J, Hohenberger W, et al. Definition and grading of anastomotic leakage following anterior resection of the rectum: a proposal by the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer. Surgery. 2010;147(3):339–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Japanese Classification of Colorectal, Appendiceal, and Anal Carcinoma: the 3d English Edition [Secondary Publication]. J Anus Rectum Colon. 2019; 3 (4): 175–95.

  41. Maykel JA. Laparoscopic transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) for rectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2015;19(10):1880–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Targarona EM, Balague C, Pernas JC, et al. Can we predict immediate outcome after laparoscopic rectal surgery? Multivariate analysis of clinical, anatomic, and pathologic features after 3-dimensional reconstruction of the pelvic anatomy. Ann Surg. 2008;247(4):642–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Manegold P, Taukert J, Neeff H, et al. The minimum distal resection margin in rectal cancer surgery and its impact on local recurrence—a retrospective cohort analysis. Int J Surg. 2019;69:77–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Song SH, Park JS, Choi GS, et al. Impact of the distal resection margin on local recurrence after neoadjuvant chemoradiation and rectal excision for locally advanced rectal cancer. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):22943.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Matsumoto A, Arita K, Tashiro M, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted low and ultralow anterior resection for lower rectal cancer using the simple “Rectum Catcher” device and an intra-operative colonoscopy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27(2):243–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang X, Cao G, Mao W, et al. Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Ther. 2020;16(5):979–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Simillis C, Lal N, Thoukididou SN, et al. Open versus laparoscopic versus robotic versus transanal mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;270(1):59–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Blaker H, Hildebrandt B, Riess H, et al. Lymph node count and prognosis in colorectal cancer: the influence of examination quality. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(8):1957–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nedrebo BS, Soreide K, Nesbakken A, et al. Risk factors associated with poor lymph node harvest after colon cancer surgery in a national cohort. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15(6):e301–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Weiss JM, Schumacher J, Allen GO, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II right-sided and left-sided colon cancer: analysis of SEER-medicare data. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(6):1781–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

    Yang Liu, Hengduo Qi, Chun Deng, Zhenyu Zhang, Zhi Guo & Xiaojun Li

  2. Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China

    Yang Liu & Hengduo Qi

Authors
  1. Yang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hengduo Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chun Deng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhenyu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhi Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xiaojun Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The study conception and design were proposed by YL and XJL. The data collection was performed by ZYZ and ZG. The data analysis was proceeded by YL, HDQ and CD. The figures were processed by HDQ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YL and the critical revision of manuscript was given by XJL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaojun Li.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian (s). All procedures were undertaken in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations in the declaration.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, Y., Qi, H., Deng, C. et al. Advantages of ligating the rectum with gauze pad band in laparoscopic anterior resection of rectal cancer: a propensity score matched analysis. BMC Surg 22, 368 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-022-01822-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-022-01822-6

Keywords

BMC Surgery

ISSN: 1471-2482

Contact us