Fig. 1From: Fully endoscopic approach for resection of brainstem cavernous malformations: a systematic review of the literatureEndoscopic endonasa transclival approach for ventral pontine cavernous malformations. The anterior face of the sphenoid sinus was removed to expose the clivus; The clival recess and the junction of the pons and pontomedullary junction were the superior and inferior limit of the bony exposureBack to article page