Table 3 Potential Risk Factors for PPOI by Univariate Analysis

Age (years, mean ± SD)

72.9 ± 5.7

72.3 ± 5.8

0.497

Male (n, %)

52 (54.7)

59 (54.6)

0.988

BMI (Kg/m², mean ± SD)

22.6 ± 3.6

22.5 ± 3.0

0.839

Smoking (n, %)

34 (35.8)

36 (33.3)

0.713

Alcohol consumption (n, %)

46 (48.4)

54 (50.0)

0.822

Previous abdominal surgery (n, %)

20 (21.1)

17 (15.7)

0.328

Hypertension (n, %)

45 (47.4)

45 (41.7)

0.415

Diabetes (n, %)

14 (14.7)

17 (15.7)

0.843

Coronary heart disease (n, %)

7 (7.4)

10 (9.3)

0.627

COPD (n, %)

43 (45.3)

30 (27.8)

0.010*

Cerebral vascular disease (n, %)

7 (7.4)

8 (7.4)

0.992

ASA physical status (n, %)

0.237

I

11 (11.6)

21 (19.4)

II

64 (67.4)

72 (66.7)

III

19 (20.0)

13 (12.0)

IV

1 (1.1)

2 (1.9)

FRAIL ≥ 3 (n, %)

22 (23.2)

15 (13.9)

0.088

mFI-5 ≥ 2 (n, %)

52 (54.7)

26 (24.1)

< 0.001*

GFI ≥ 4 (n, %)

44 (46.3)

22 (20.4)

< 0.001*

Surgical type (n, %)

0.135

Gastric

25 (26.3)

16 (14.8)

Small bowel

4 (4.2)

2 (1.9)

Colonic

46 (48.4)

64 (59.3)

Rectal

20 (21.1)

26 (24.1)

Duration of surgery (min, mean ± SD)

228 ± 83

192 ± 75

0.002*

Intraoperative fluid infusion (mL/Kg·h, mean ± SD)

7.0 ± 2.6

7.5 ± 2.4

0.107

Intraoperative packed RBC infusion [mL, median (range)]

0 (0, 800)

0 (0, 600)

0.277

Urine output (mL/Kg·h, mean ± SD)

1.8 ± 2.4

1.9 ± 1.8

0.876

Blood loss [mL, median (range)]

50 (10, 600)

50 (5, 400)

< 0.001*