Fig. 3

Features selection using the LASSO binary logistic regression model. A Optimal parameter (lambda) selection in the LASSO model using ten‑fold cross‑validation through the minimum criteria. Dotted vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values using the minimum criteria and 1 SE of the minimum criteria (the 1‑SE criteria). B LASSO coefficient profiles of the 37 factors. A coefficient profile plot was generated against the log(lambda) sequence. A vertical line was drawn at the value selected using ten‑fold cross‑validation, where optimal lambda resulted in 8 features with non-zero coefficients. LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; SE, standard error