Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of IAC factors of pGGNs within 2 cm in a training cohort

Gender

  Female

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Male

1.615 (1.043, 2.499)

0.031

2.154 (0.859, 5.458)

0.103

Smoking history

  Non-smoker

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Smoker

1.697 (0.999, 2.856)

0.048

0.721 (0.304, 1.685)

0.453

Pleural effusion sign

  No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

2.779 (1.785, 4.344)

< 0.001

2.548 (1.398, 4.700)

0.002

Bronchus sign

  No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

4.103 (2.452, 6.935)

< 0.001

2.662 (1.286, 5.576)

0.009

Location

  Centrality

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Peripherality

0.415 (0.194, 0.884)

0.022

0.288 (0.104, 0.794)

0.016

Lobulation

  No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

2.760 (1.669, 4.575)

< 0.001

2.260 (1.078, 4.799)

0.032

Vascular penetration sign

  No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

2.372 (1.492, 3.846)

< 0.001

0.549 (0.275, 1.074)

0.083

Shape

  Regularity

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Irregularity

3.798 (2.436, 5.993)

< 0.001

1.559 (0.819, 2.962)

0.174

Spiculation

  No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

   Yes

3.105 (2.001, 4.865)

< 0.001

1.288 (0.699, 2.360)

0.413

Blood type

  A

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  B

1.550 (0.898, 2.698)

0.117

1.790 (0.875, 3.722)

0.114

  AB

2.009 (0.991, 4.055)

0.051

2.356 (0.898, 6.187)

0.08

  O

0.986 (0.541, 1.788)

0.964

0.757 (0.352, 1.609)

0.472

ASA

  1

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  2

1.982 (1.020, 4.169)

0.054

0.425 (0.153, 1.222)

0.104

  3

4.091 (0.154, 109.087)

0.332

1.412 (0.045, 46.131)

0.828

  Maximum diameter

16.916 (8.943, 33.624)

< 0.001

11.130 (5.044, 25.966)

< 0.001

  Age

1.056 (1.033, 1.081)

< 0.001

1.054 (1.018, 1.094)

0.004

  SA

1.046 (1.013, 1.081)

0.006

1.050 (1.002, 1.100)

0.04

  PNI

1.063 (1.013, 1.120)

0.016

1.084 (1.002, 1.183)

0.054

  Erythrocyte

1.801 (1.130, 2.895)

0.014

2.196 (0.759, 6.471)

0.147

  Hemoglobin

1.015 (1.000, 1.030)

0.048

0.975 (0.941, 1.010)

0.157

  Cyfra21_1

1.438 (1.137, 1.846)

0.003

1.232 (0.911, 1.705)

0.186

  CEA

1.198 (1.017, 1.421)

0.032

1.099 (0.877, 1.366)

0.401

  Lymphocyte

1.445 (1.012, 2.068)

0.043

0.973 (0.527, 1.769)

0.929

Hypertension

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

1.372 (0.836, 2.227)

0.205

Diabetes

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

0.966 (0.471, 1.887)

0.922

COPD

  NO

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

2.258 (0.268, 19.002)

0.418

Calcification

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

4818859.448 (0.000, NA)

0.98

Cavitation sign

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

1.181 (0.581, 2.307)

0.633

Pleural effusion sign

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

0

0.981

Lymph node enlargement sign

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

1.479 (0.715, 2.972)

0.278

AISI

1.000 (0.999, 1.001)

0.811

Albumin

1.037 (0.983, 1.099)

0.204

Basophil

4.812 (0.191, 336.295)

0.339

Blood sugar

1.064 (0.905, 1.248)

0.432

BMI

1.014 (0.947, 1.086)

0.681

CA125

1.010 (0.978, 1.042)

0.521

Complement C1q

1.000 (0.993, 1.007)

0.996

dNLR

0.845 (0.536, 1.309)

0.46

Eosinophil

1.588 (0.639, 4.419)

0.312

FEV1% predicted (%)

1.005 (0.992, 1.019)

0.438

IDH

1.000 (0.993, 1.006)

0.917

MLR

1.054 (0.558, 1.769)

0.83

Monocyte

1.205 (0.879, 1.952)

0.279

MVV% predicted (%)

1.001 (0.998, 1.005)

0.396

Neutrophil

1.077 (0.877, 1.317)

0.473

NLPR

0.003

0.813

NLR

0.923 (0.685, 1.226)

0.589

NSE

1.010 (0.975, 1.045)

0.572

PIV

1.000 (0.999, 1.001)

0.811

Platelet

1.000 (0.997, 1.004)

0.81

PLR

0.998 (0.994, 1.002)

0.41

Pro-GRP

0.997 (0.980, 1.011)

0.663

SCC

0.849 (0.583, 1.167)

0.361

SII

1.000 (0.999, 1.001)

0.465

SIRI

1.028 (0.836, 1.236)

0.748

5’-NT

1.004 (0.886, 1.121)

0.944