Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients with IACs and Non-IACs in the training and validation cohorts

Gender, n (%)

0.009

0.779

  Female

187 (68.5)

67 (54.9)

74 (63.8)

32 (61.5)

  Male

86 (31.5)

55 (45.1)

42 (36.2)

20 (38.5)

Hypertension, n (%)

0.075

0.643

  No

215 (78.8)

86 (70.5)

83 (71.6)

39 (75.0)

  Yes

58 (21.2)

36 (29.5)

33 (28.4)

13 (25.0)

Diabetes, n (%)

0.786

0.114

  No

246 (90.1)

111 (91.0)

104 (89.7)

42 (80.8)

  Yes

27 (9.9)

11 (9.0)

12 (10.3)

10 (19.2)

COPD, n (%)

0.406

0.134

  No

271 (99.3)

120 (98.4)

116 (100.0)

51 (98.1)

  Yes

2 (0.7)

2 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

Smoking history, n (%)

0.013

0.798

  Non-smoker

234 (85.7)

92 (75.4)

94 (81.0)

43 (82.7)

  Smoker

39 (14.3)

30 (24.6)

22 (19.0)

9 (17.3)

Blood type, n (%)

0.032

0.92

  A

88 (32.2)

31 (25.4)

31 (26.7)

16 (30.8)

  B

74 (27.1)

45 (36.9)

41 (35.3)

19 (36.5)

  AB

35 (12.8)

23 (18.9)

13 (11.2)

5 (9.6)

  O

76 (27.8)

23 (18.9)

31 (26.7)

12 (23.1)

ASA, n (%)

0.541

0.262

  1

44 (16.1)

16 (13.1)

13 (11.2)

4 (7.7)

  2

227 (83.2)

104 (85.2)

103 (88.8)

47 (90.4)

  3

2 (0.7)

2 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

Location, n (%)

< 0.001

0.853

  Centrality

15 (5.5)

20 (16.4)

8 (6.9)

4 (7.7)

  Peripherality

258 (94.5)

102 (83.6)

108 (93.1)

48 (92.3)

Shape, n (%)

< 0.001

0.007

  Regularity

189 (69.2)

46 (37.7)

77 (66.4)

23 (44.2)

  Irregularity

84 (30.8)

76 (62.3)

39 (33.6)

29 (55.8)

Spiculation, n (%)

< 0.001

0.03

  No

171 (62.6)

48 (39.3)

70 (60.3)

22 (42.3)

  Yes

102 (37.4)

74 (60.7)

46 (39.7)

30 (57.7)

Cavitation sign, n (%)

0.543

0.336

  No

243 (89.0)

106 (86.9)

106 (91.4)

45 (86.5)

  Yes

30 (11.0)

16 (13.1)

10 (8.6)

7 (13.5)

Calcification, n (%)

0.034

NA

  No

273 (100.0)

120 (98.4)

116 (100.0)

52 (100.0)

  Yes

0 (0.0)

2 (1.6)

0(0)

0(0)

Vascular penetration sign, n (%)

< 0.001

0.04

  No

112 (41.0)

27 (22.1)

53 (45.7)

15 (28.8)

  Yes

161 (59.0)

95 (77.9)

63 (54.3)

37 (71.2)

Pleural adhesions, n (%)

< 0.001

0.059

  No

195 (71.4)

59 (48.4)

82 (70.7)

29 (55.8)

  Yes

78 (28.6)

63 (51.6)

34 (29.3)

23 (44.2)

Bronchus sign, n (%)

< 0.001

0.005

  No

245 (89.7)

81 (66.4)

98 (84.5)

34 (65.4)

  Yes

28 (10.3)

41 (33.6)

18 (15.5)

18 (34.6)

Lobulation, n (%)

< 0.001

0.001

  No

236 (86.4)

80 (65.6)

99 (85.3)

33 (63.5)

  Yes

37 (13.6)

42 (34.4)

17 (14.7)

19 (36.5)

Lymph node enlargement sign, n (%)

0.142

0.555

  No

252 (92.3)

107 (87.7)

104 (89.7)

45 (86.5)

  Yes

21 (7.7)

15 (12.3)

12 (10.3)

7 (13.5)

Pleural effusion sign, n (%)

0.558

NA

  No

272 (99.6)

121 (99.2)

116 (100.0)

52 (100.0)

  Yes

1 (0.4)

1 (0.8)

0(0)

0(0)

Albumin (g/L), median (IQR)

60.00 (57.90, 61.90)

60.45 (58.42, 61.98)

0.188

59.85 (57.58, 61.92)

60.60 (58.58, 63.02)

0.032

Lymphocyte (×109/L), median (IQR)

1.86 (1.53, 2.19)

1.86 (1.45, 2.29)

0.932

1.81 (1.47, 2.19)

1.83 (1.49, 2.19)

0.986

PNI (%), median (IQR)

69.20 (66.90, 71.90)

69.68 (66.46, 72.35)

0.278

69.47 (66.58, 71.18)

69.40 (67.79, 72.03)

0.21

Neutrophil (×109/L), median (IQR)

2.96 (2.42, 3.46)

3.00 (2.48, 3.80)

0.323

3.03 (2.55, 3.91)

2.87 (2.38, 3.86)

0.595

Eosinophil (×109/L), median (IQR)

0.09 (0.06, 0.15)

0.12 (0.06, 0.21)

0.033

0.10 (0.07, 0.16)

0.09 (0.06, 0.16)

0.603

Basophil (×109/L), median (IQR)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.284

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

0.03 (0.02, 0.03)

0.184

Monocyte (×109/L), median (IQR)

0.39 (0.32, 0.48)

0.42 (0.33, 0.49)

0.117

0.42 (0.35, 0.51)

0.42 (0.33, 0.54)

0.739

Erythrocyte (×1012/L), median (IQR)

4.46 (4.18, 4.75)

4.54 (4.29, 4.93)

0.059

4.44 (4.16, 4.78)

4.55 (4.17, 4.86)

0.291

Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR)

135.00 (128.00, 144.00)

139.50 (130.00, 149.00)

0.041

134.00 (127.00, 143.25)

139.00 (126.75, 148.50)

0.33

Platelet (×109/L), median (IQR)

232.00 (207.00, 272.00)

239.00 (209.50, 276.00)

0.622

237.50 (201.25, 281.50)

234.50 (205.25, 257.25)

0.616

NLR (%), median (IQR)

1.60 (1.28, 2.03)

1.67 (1.27, 2.23)

0.363

1.71 (1.35, 2.11)

1.67 (1.22, 2.19)

0.826

PLR (%), median (IQR)

128.66 (107.41, 153.85)

131.50 (104.25, 166.56)

0.587

137.07 (106.19, 162.07)

130.97 (99.35, 159.77)

0.746

MLR (%), median (IQR)

0.21 (0.17, 0.27)

0.22 (0.18, 0.28)

0.161

0.22 (0.18, 0.27)

0.22 (0.19, 0.28)

0.918

dNLR (%), median (IQR)

1.25 (1.00, 1.50)

1.26 (1.01, 1.63)

0.536

1.26 (1.00, 1.54)

1.26 (0.91, 1.60)

0.802

NLPR (%), median (IQR)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.01 (0.00, 0.01)

0.496

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.01 (0.01, 0.01)

0.862

SIRI (%), median (IQR)

0.59 (0.46, 0.89)

0.66 (0.48, 0.92)

0.132

0.65 (0.49, 0.95)

0.63 (0.45, 1.14)

0.809

AISI (%), median (IQR)

143.50 (96.94, 213.11)

161.29 (112.10, 227.89)

0.119

161.00 (109.14, 259.27)

152.14 (95.38, 228.30)

0.869

SII (%), median (IQR)

362.80 (284.64, 487.08)

392.56 (307.21, 513.13)

0.208

393.73 (282.70, 541.46)

369.95 (277.57, 516.84)

0.588

PIV (%), median (IQR)

143.50 (96.94, 213.11)

161.29 (112.10, 227.89)

0.119

161.00 (109.14, 259.27)

152.14 (95.38, 228.30)

0.869

Blood sugar(mmol/L), median (IQR)

5.04 (4.69, 5.52)

5.10 (4.71, 5.67)

0.455

5.04 (4.69, 5.61)

5.22 (4.89, 5.71)

0.092

Complement C1q(mg/L), median (IQR)

171.60 (153.90, 190.10)

171.80 (153.98, 192.02)

0.811

169.50 (149.85, 190.50)

166.70 (154.23, 188.52)

0.76

LDH (U/L), median (IQR)

191.00 (172.00, 212.00)

188.50 (167.25, 218.75)

0.845

195.00 (167.50, 214.50)

193.50 (161.50, 219.25)

0.825

SA (mg/dL), median (IQR)

52.80 (48.80, 56.50)

53.40 (49.02, 58.27)

0.207

52.50 (48.77, 57.28)

53.45 (49.53, 59.20)

0.434

5’-NT (U/L), median (IQR)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

0.653

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

0.251

Pro-GRP (pg/mL), median (IQR)

41.96 (33.49, 46.73)

41.83 (32.18, 45.64)

0.479

41.96 (32.49, 45.72)

41.64 (32.70, 42.81)

0.724

SCC (ng/mL), median (IQR)

1.03 (0.82, 1.73)

1.04 (0.72, 1.59)

0.258

1.03 (0.76, 1.76)

1.09 (0.70, 1.83)

0.684

Cyfra21-1 (ng/mL), median (IQR)

2.28 (1.55, 2.37)

2.32 (1.82, 2.73)

0.035

2.19 (1.50, 2.44)

2.27 (1.67, 2.43)

0.563

CEA (ng/mL), median (IQR)

2.28 (1.36, 2.43)

2.32 (1.65, 3.14)

0.013

2.04 (1.26, 2.45)

2.32 (1.91, 2.64)

0.052

CA125 (U/mL), median (IQR)

10.72 (7.52, 11.20)

10.72 (7.64, 12.28)

0.366

10.72 (7.40, 11.72)

10.22 (7.65, 10.72)

0.613

NSE (ng/mL), median (IQR)

19.45 (16.70, 20.50)

19.35 (14.90, 22.05)

0.505

19.42 (15.75, 21.00)

17.60 (15.40, 19.49)

0.3

Age (years), median (IQR)

55.00 (46.00, 60.00)

61.00 (52.00, 67.00)

< 0.001

56.00 (47.75, 62.00)

60.00 (53.50, 65.25)

0.041

BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)

24.39 (22.27, 26.35)

24.57 (22.62, 26.20)

0.712

24.65 (22.48, 26.32)

24.90 (22.65, 27.14)

0.448

FEV1% predicted (%), median (IQR)

105.92 (96.93, 113.73)

109.20 (95.46, 118.07)

0.204

105.32 (94.40, 113.67)

102.44 (93.88, 112.58)

0.747

MVV% predicted (%), median (IQR)

103.87 (91.91, 116.64)

106.58 (91.88, 119.90)

0.183

103.80 (91.20, 115.39)

103.85 (88.55, 112.29)

0.717

Maximum diameter (cm), median (IQR)

0.80 (0.70, 1.10)

1.40 (1.20, 1.70)

< 0.001

0.80 (0.70, 1.00)

1.20 (1.00, 1.50)

< 0.001