| LAP | ROBOT | OPEN | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | N = 1,383 | N = 1,867 | N = 3,797 |  |
Surgical resection |  < 0.001 | |||
 Anterior resection | 730 (52.8) | 1,018 (54.5) | 1,704 (44.9) |  |
 Abdominoperineal resection | 536 (38.8) | 696 (37.3) | 1,529 (40.3) |  |
 Hartmann's procedure | 117 (8.4) | 153 (8.2) | 564 (14.9) |  |
Diverting ileostomya | 526 (72.0) | 781 (76.7) | 1,346 (79.0) |  < 0.001 |
MIS converted to open | 256 (18.5) | 201 (10.7) | n/a |  < 0.001 |
Missing | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | n/a | Â |
Operating time in minutes, median (IQR) | 309.0 (229.0, 389.0) | 354.0 (275.5, 432.5) | 288.0 (197.0, 379.0) |  < 0.001 |
Missing | 13 (0.9) | 7 (0.4) | 18 (0.5) | Â |
Intraoperative bleeding in ml, median (IQR) | 100.0 (15.0, 185.0) | 100.0 (25.0, 175.0) | 350.0 (125.0, 575.0) |  < 0.001 |
Missing | 35 (2.5) | 37 (2.0) | 72 (1.9) | Â |
Perforation | 42 (3.0 | 76 (4.1) | 200 (5.3) | 0.001 |
Perforations close to tumour | 14 (1.0) | 39 (2.1) | 110 (2.9) | 0.023 |
T-stage (yp/pTb) |  < 0.001 | |||
 T0 | 37 (2.7) | 75 (4.0) | 154 (4.0) |  |
 T1 | 140 (10.1) | 188 (10.0) | 271 (7.1) |  |
 T2 | 426 (30.8) | 605 (32.4) | 981 (25.8) |  |
 T3 | 713 (51.5) | 885 (47.4) | 1,910 (50.3) |  |
 T4 | 49 (3.5) | 84 (4.5) | 418 (11.0) |  |
 missing | 19 (1.4) | 30 (1.6) | 63 (1.6) |  |
Nodal status (yp/pNc) | 0.022 | |||
 N0 | 864 (62.4) | 1,138 (60.9) | 2,222 (58.5) |  |
 N1 | 350 (25.3) | 519 (27.8) | 1,066 (28.0) |  |
 N2 | 151 (10.9) | 177 (9.4) | 443 11.6) |  |
 missing | 19 (1.4) | 33 (1.8) | 66 (1.7) |  |
yp/pTNMd |  < 0.001 | |||
 I | 402 (29.1) | 565 (30.3) | 946 (24.9) |  |
 II | 240 (17.3) | 436 (23.3) | 1,015 (26.7) |  |
 III | 417 (30.1) | 625 (33.5) | 1,233 (32.5) |  |
 IV | 55 (4.0) | 71 (3.8) | 336 (8.8) |  |
Missing | 170 (12.3) | 170 (9.1) | 267 (7.0) | Â |
Tumour deposit | 165 (11.9) | 276 (14.3) | 652 (17.1) |  < 0.001 |
Missing | 45 (3.2) | 59 (3.1) | 179 (4.7) | Â |
Vascular invasion—yes | 303 (21.9) | 550 (29.4) | 1,029 (27.1) |  < 0.001 |
Missing | 53 ( | 81 (4.3) | 129 (3.4) | Â |
Perineural invasion—yes | 263 (19.0) | 353 (18.9) | 800 (21.1) | 0.110 |
Missing | 51 (3.7) | 78 (4.2) | 129 (3.4) | Â |
Cancer differentiation—high grade | 159 (11.5) | 258 (13.8) | 526 (13.8) | 0.017 |
Missing | 81 (5.9) | 156 (8.3) | 389 (10.2) | Â |