Table 1 Baseline characteristics of training and validation groups
From: A nomogram to predict conversion of laparoscopic surgery to laparotomy for Choledocholithiasis
Variables | Whole group (n = 867) | Training group (n = 607) | Validation group (n = 260) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age [year] | 0.051 | |||
≤ 60 | 347(40.0) | 240(39.5) | 107(41.2) | |
60 ~ 80 | 459(52.9) | 332(54.7) | 127(48.8) | |
>80 | 61(7.0) | 35(5.8) | 26(10.0) | |
Sex | 0.910 | |||
Male | 386(44.5) | 271(44.6) | 115(44.2) | |
Female | 481(55.5) | 336(55.4) | 145(55.8) | |
BMI [Kg/m2] | 0.545 | |||
< 24 | 565(65.2) | 389(64.1) | 176(67.7) | |
24 ~ 28 | 249(28.7) | 181(29.8) | 68(26.2) | |
> 28 | 53(6.1) | 37(6.1) | 16(6.2) | |
Diabetes | 114(13.1) | 85(14.0) | 29(11.2) | 0.274 |
Hypertension | 265(30.6) | 183(30.1) | 82(31.5) | 0.684 |
PUAS | 147(17.0) | 103(17.0) | 44(16.9) | > 0.95 |
History of ERCP | 45(5.2) | 29(4.8) | 16(6.2) | 0.406 |
Pancreatitis | 55(6.3) | 33(5.4) | 22(8.5) | 0.097 |
WBC[*109/L] | 0.370 | |||
≤ 10 | 787(90.8) | 547(90.1) | 240(92.3) | |
> 10 | 80(9.2) | 60(9.9) | 20(7.7) | |
ALB [g/L] | 0.428 | |||
≤ 35 | 231(26.6) | 157(25.9) | 74(28.5) | |
> 35 | 636(73.4) | 450(74.1) | 186(71.5) | |
TBIL [μmol/L] | 0.683 | |||
≤ 17.1 | 411(46.1) | 285(47.0) | 126(48.5) | |
> 17.1 | 456(53.9) | 322(53.0) | 134(51.5) | |
ALP [U/L] | 0.421 | |||
≤ 125 | 260(30.0) | 187(30.8) | 73(28.1) | |
> 125 | 607(70.0) | 420(69.2) | 187(71.9) | |
ALT [U/L] | 0.421 | |||
≤ 40 | 243(28.0) | 175(28.8) | 68(26.2) | |
> 40 | 624(72.0) | 432(71.2) | 192(73.8) | |
AST [U/L] | 0.582 | |||
≤ 40 | 312(36.0) | 222(36.6) | 90(34.6) | |
> 40 | 555(64.0) | 385(63.4) | 170(65.4) | |
GGT [U/L] | 0.374 | |||
≤ 50 | 138(15.9) | 101(16.6) | 37(14.2) | |
> 50 | 729(84.1) | 506(83.4) | 223(85.8) | |
Maximum diameter of CBD stone [mm] | 0.518 | |||
< 12 | 563(64.9) | 390(64.3) | 173(66.5) | |
≥ 12 | 304(35.1) | 217(35.7) | 87(33.5) | |
CBD stone’s location | ||||
Duodenal upper segment | 0.620 | |||
Yes | 181(20.9) | 124(20.4) | 57(21.9) | |
No | 686(79.1) | 483(79.6) | 203(78.1) | |
Duodenal posterior segment | 0.470 | |||
Yes | 331(38.2) | 227(37.4) | 104(40.0) | |
No | 536(61.8) | 380(62.6) | 156(60.0) | |
Pancreatic segment | 0.566 | |||
Yes | 635(73.2) | 448(73.8) | 187(71.9) | |
No | 232(26.8) | 159(26.2) | 73(28.1) | |
Medial wall of the duodenum | 0.887 | |||
Yes | 62(7.2) | 43(7.1) | 19(7.3) | |
No | 824(92.8) | 564(92.9) | 241(92.7) | |
The number of stones in CBD | 0.880 | |||
Negative/sludge | 33(3.8) | 24(4.0) | 9(3.5) | |
Single | 384(44.3) | 266(43.8) | 118(45.4) | |
Multiple | 450(51.9) | 317(52.2) | 133(51.2) | |
IHD stone | 0.466 | |||
Yes | 156(18.0) | 113(18.6) | 43(16.5) | |
No | 711(82.0) | 494(81.4) | 217(83.5) | |
Thickening of gallbladder wall | 321(37.0) | 230(37.9) | 91(35.0) | 0.419 |
Thickening of CBD wall | 63(7.3) | 44(7.2) | 19(7.3) | > 0.95 |
Diameter of CBD | 13.3(10.7,17.0) | 13.9(11.0,17.0) | 13.0(10.0,16.1) | 0.120 |
Stone size/CBD size | 0.190 | |||
< 0.75 | 424(48.9) | 288(47.4) | 136(52.3) | |
≥ 0.75 | 443(51.1) | 319(52.6) | 124(47.7) | |
Surgery method | ||||
Conversion to laparotomy | 151(17.4) | 102(16.8) | 49(18.8) | 0.468 |
Simultaneous LC | 0.442 | |||
Yes | 754(87.0) | 524(86.3) | 230(88.5) | |
No | 113(13.0) | 83(13.7) | 30(11.5) | |
Simultaneous LH | 0.426 | |||
Yes | 91(10.5) | 67(11.0) | 24(9.2) | |
No | 776(89.5) | 540(89.0) | 236(90.8) | |
Laser lithotripsy | 19(2.2) | 12(2.0) | 7(2.7) | 0.613 |