Table 2 Neurological assessment of all TBI including both patients with and without EIH

Traumatic brain injury patients (TBI) presented to Accident & Emergency Unit

192 (59.3)

132 (40.7)

324 (100.0)

Age (Years)

18-28

64 (33.3)

77 (58.3)

141 (43.5)

29-38

24 (12.5)

29 (22.0)

53 (16.4)

39-48

30 (15.7)

9 (6.8)

39 (12.0)

>48

74 (38.5)

17 (12.9)

91 (28.1)

< 0.001

Gender

Female

39 (20.3)

24 (18.2)

63 (19.4)

Male

153 (79.7)

108 (81.8)

261 (80.6)

0.634

Patients’ occupation

Farming

26 (14.0)

11 (8.3)

37 (11.7)

Family business

38 (20.4)

16 (12.1)

54 (17.0)

Employed

13 (7.0)

9 (6.9)

22 (6.9)

Boda boda rider

80 (43.0)

72 (54.5)

152 (48.0)

Taxi driver

29 (15.6)

23 (17.4)

52 (16.4)

0.109 

Residence type / location

Rural

106 (55.2)

78 (59.1)

184 (56.8)

Urban

86 (44.8)

54 (40.9)

140 (43.2)

0.488

Matrimonial state

Unmarried

65 (33.9)

62 (47.0)

127 (39.2)

Married

127 (66.1)

70 (53.0)

197 (60.8)

0.017

Comorbidities

Hypertension n (%)

27 (14.1)

9 (6.8)

36 (11.1)

No n (%)

165 (85.9)

123 (93.2)

288 (88.9)

0.041

Patient with history of alcohol and substances of abuse

None

146 (76.0)

109 (82.6)

255 (78.7)

Smoking

9 (4.7)

1 (0.8)

10 (3.1)

0.044 

Alcohol abuse

37 (19.3)

22 (16.6)

59 (18.2)

0.551

Pre-injury ASA - PS (America Society of anaesthesia - Performance Status)

1. A normal healthy patient

155 (80.7)

127 (96.2)

282 (87.0)

2. A patient with mild systemic disease

15 (7.8)

4 (3.0)

19 (5.9)

3. A patient with severe systemic disease

22 (11.5)

1 (0.8)

23 (7.1)

<0.001 

Post-injury ASA (American Society of anaesthesia

1. A normal healthy patient

146 (76.0)

100 (75.8)

246 (75.9)

2. A patient with mild systemic disease

17 (8.9)

7 (5.3)

24 (7.4)

3. A patient with a severe systemic disease

29 (15.1)

25 (18.9)

54 (16.7)

0.364 

HB <11.5g/dL

No

18 (9.5)

26 (19.7)

44 (13.7)

Yes

171 (90.5)

106 (80.3)

277 (86.3)

0.009

INR >1.2

No

79 (42.9)

63 (50.0)

142 (45.8)

Yes

105 (57.1)

63 (50.0)

168 (54.2)

0.22

Platelets <100

No

24 (12.7)

6 (4.6)

30 (9.4)

Yes

165 (87.3)

125 (95.4)

290 (90.6)

0.014

Na+ concentration >145 mEq/L

No

34 (18.0)

14 (10.7)

48 (15.0)

Yes

155 (82.0)

117 (89.3)

272 (75.0)

0.072

Creatinine >1.2

No

105 (55.9)

52 (41.9)

156 (50.2)

Yes

83 (44.1)

72 (58.1)

155 (49.8)

0.013

MAP >100mmHg

No

118 (62.4)

95 (72.0)

213 (66.4)

Yes

71 (37.6)

37 (28.0)

108 (33.6)

0.075

aPTT>18.5

No

161 (87.5)

117 (92.9)

278 (89.7)

Yes

23 (12.5)

9 (7.1)

32 (10.3)

0.128

AST/SGOT >30 IU/L

No

100 (54.3)

56 (46.7)

156 (51.3)

Yes

84 (45.7)

64 (53.3)

148 (48.7)

0.19

GGT >30 IU/L

No

80 (44.2)

63 (53.8)

143 (48.0)

Yes

101 (55.8)

54 (46.2)

155 (52.0)

0.104

ALT >30 IU/L

No

112 (60.9)

59 (49.6)

171 (56.4)

Yes

72 (39.1)

60 (50.4)

72 (43.6)

0.053

Urea >40

No

162 (90.0)

106 (88.3)

268 (89.3)

Yes

18 (10.0)

14 (11.7)

32 (10.7)

0.647

SBP on admission >120mmHg

No

54 (28.6)

56 (42.4)

110 (34.3)

Yes

132 (71.4)

76 (57.6)

211 (65.7)

0.01