Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of preoperative variables in predicting microscopic vascular invasion in the training cohort

Sex

Male vs. Female

1.393 (0.738–2.628)

0.306

Age

≥ 60 /<60 years

1.232 (0.692–2.193)

0.479

Co-morbid illness

Yes vs. No

0.797 (0.439–1.446)

0.456

TBIL

> 23 vs. ≤23 µmol/L

2.321 (1.333–4.042)

0.003

2.771 (1.525–5.035)

< 0.001

ALB

≤ 35 vs. >35 g/L

1.786 (0.831–3.836)

0.137

ALT level

> 40 vs. ≤40 IU/L

1.488 (0.864–2.536)

0.152

AST level

> 40 vs. ≤40 IU/L

1.374 (0.763–2.475)

0.289

GGT level

> 60 vs. ≤60U/L

1.955 (1.125–3.398)

0.017

NS

0.332

PT

> 13 vs. ≤13 S

1.817 (1.059–3.116)

0.030

NS

0.657

Platelet count

> 100 vs. ≤100 × 10⁹/L

1.075 (0.456–2.534)

0.869

AFP level

> 20 vs. ≤20 ug/L

1.270 (0.707–2.282)

0.424

CA19-9 level

> 200 vs. ≤200 U/mL

2.430 (1.247–4.735)

0.009

2.095 (1.004–4.370)

0.049

CEA level

> 10 vs. ≤10ug/L

2.300 (1.204–4.392)

0.012

NS

0.392

Maximum tumor size

> 5 vs.≤5 cm

2.972 (1.535–5.755)

0.001

2.927 (1.472–5.820)

< 0.001

Tumor number

≥ 2 vs. 1

3.391 (1.825–6.302)

< 0.001

2.661 (1.370–5.168)

0.004

Preoperative image lymph node metastasis

Yes vs. No

3.750 (1.953-7.200)

< 0.001

3.102 (1.536–6.265)

0.002

Cirrhosis

Yes vs. No

1.281 (0.725–2.263)

0.394