Table 5 Univariate and multivariate analyses of the risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications after MIE

Sex

Female vs. Male

1.208

0.535–2.728

0.650

Age

<70 y.o vs.

≧70 y.o

1.349

0.671–2.713

0.401

Preoperative chemotherapy

Absent vs. Present

1.074

0.551–2.094

0.289

Reconstruction route

Mediastinal vs. Retrosternal

1.580

0.551–4.525

0.395

Abdominal procedure

HALS vs. Open

1.239

0.610–2.519

0.552

Intrathoracic adhesion

Absent vs. Present

1.637

0.818–3.276

0.164

Resection of thoracic duct

Absent vs. Present

0.722

0.328–1.591

0.419

Artificial pneumothorax

Present vs. Absent

1.497

0.710–3.157

0.290

cT

0–2 vs. 3,4

1.092

0.558–2.139

0.797

cN

0 vs. 1≦

1.106

0.566–2.160

0.768

2.398

0.916–6.250

0.075

cStage

0–2 vs. 3–4

1.509

0.758–3.006

0.242

3.102

1.152–8.351

0.025*

Resectability

R0 vs. R1≦

1.600

0.603–4.237

0.345

Distance α

≧ 3.95 mm vs. <3.95 mm

1.059

0.543–2.066

0.865

Distance β

<31 mm vs. ≧ 31 mm

0.979

0.502–1.909

0.951

Degree γ

≧ 4.2° vs. <4.2°

0.872

0.446–1.701

0.687

Intraoperative injury

Absent vs. Present

2.294

1.105–4.766

0.026 *

2.413

1.145–5.084

0.021*