Table 1 Clinico-oncological characteristics, intraoperative factors, and anatomical parameters of the patients with or without intraoperative injury or bleeding

Age

Mean ± SD

68.0 ± 7.3

64.5 ± 8.1

*0.005 ^a

Sex

male / female

47 / 7

161 / 43

0.180 ^b

Performance status

0 / 1≦

47 / 7

193 / 11

0.052 ^b

Tumor location

Upper / Middle / Lower

5 / 33 / 16

32 / 96 / 76

0.164 ^b

Histology

SCC / Basaloid / AC / Others

50 / 1 / 2 / 1

178 / 5 / 14 / 7

0.745 ^b

cT (UICC 8th )

is / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4

0 / 11 / 17 / 18 / 8

2 / 63 / 47 / 72 / 20

0.350 ^b

cN (UICC 8th )

0 / 1 / 2 / 3

23 / 14 / 11 / 6

102 / 48 / 39 / 15

0.715 ^b

cM (UICC 8th )

0 / 1

42 / 12

176 / 28

0.125 ^b

cStage (UICC 8th )

0-I / II / III / IVA / IVB

10 / 16 / 6 / 10 / 12

63 / 53 / 42 / 19 / 27

0.039^b

Emphysema

Present / Absent

14 / 40

46 / 158

0.601 ^b

Height (cm)

Mean ± SD

164.3 ± 6.9

163.2 ± 9.9

0.345 ^a

Body weight (kg)

Mean ± SD

57.9 ± 9.4

58.1 ± 9.9

0.871 ^a

BMI

Mean ± SD

21.4 ± 3.0

21.7 ± 2.8

0.464 ^a

Preoperative chemotherapy

Yes / No

29 / 25

93 / 111

0.288 ^b

Total operation time (min)

Mean ± SD

673 ± 131

627 ± 119

*0.014 ^a

Time of intrathoracic procedure (min)

Mean ± SD

343 ± 96

278 ± 70

*<0.001 ^a

Total blood loss (g)

Mean ± SD

730 ± 973

563 ± 450

0.246 ^a

Blood loss of intrathoracic procedure (g)

Mean ± SD

412 ± 858

233 ± 188

0.133 ^a

No. of dissected mediastinal LN

Mean ± SD

34.4 ± 13.2

31.0 ± 12.1

0.070 ^a

No. of mediastinal LN metastases

Mean ± SD

2.0 ± 5.0

1.2 ± 2.6

0.756 ^a

Reconstruction route

Mediastinal / Retrosternal / Anterior

44 / 9 / 1

190 / 14 / 0

*0.011 ^b

Artificial pneumothorax

Present / Absent

13 / 41

46 / 158

0.812 ^b

Intrathoracic adhesion

Present / Absent

25 / 29

52 / 152

*0.003 ^b

Resectability

R0 / R1≦

44 / 10

187 / 17

*0.030 ^b

No. of intercostal port of right-hand forceps

5th / 6th / 7th

4 / 40 / 10

2 / 153 / 49

*0.017 ^b

Distance of α (mm)

Mean ± SD

0.2 ± 10.3

3.9 ± 8.5

*0.007 ^a

Distance of β (mm)

Mean ± SD

33.0 ± 6.7

30.5 ± 6.0

*0.008 ^a

Degree of γ (°)

Mean ± SD

3.0 ± 3.4

4.3 ± 3.2

*0.009 ^a