Fig. 1

3D printed model of rib fracture made before operation. (A-C) The cross section of the ribs shows an irregular triangular shape or water drop shape, with a thick upper margin and thin lower margin. The ribs widen as they move forward. (D) Upper margin of ribs broadens. (E-F) Lower margin between the transverse process and rib angle thickens. As it moves forward, the lower margin becomes thinner, and a typical rib groove appears