Table 1 Demographic and perioperative variables in DGE / non-DGE group and Development / Validation set

Age, years

62.0 (52.0–67.0)

62.0 (52.0–67.0)

60.0 (51.8–66.3)

0.937

61.0 (52.0–67.0)

63 (55–68)

0.299

Sex

0.296

0.195

 Male

236 (55.9%)

179 (54.6%)

57 (60.6%)

134 (42.3%)

52 (49.5%)

 Female

186 (44.1%)

149 (45.4%)

37 (39.4%)

183 (57.7%)

53 (50.5%)

BMI ≥ 22.1 kg/m²

0.011

0.783

 No

164 (38.9%)

138 (42.1%)

26 (27.7%)

122 (38.5%)

42 (40%)

 Yes

258 (61.1%)

190 (57.9%)

68 (72.3%)

195 (61.5%)

63 (60%)

Hypertension

0.645

0.263

 No

291 (69.0%)

228 (69.5%)

63 (67.0%)

214 (67.5%)

77 (73.3%)

 Yes

131 (31.0%)

100 (30.5%)

31 (33.0%)

103 (32.5%)

28 (26.7%)

Diabetes mellitus

0.506

0.817

 No

325 (77.0%)

255 (77.7%)

70 (74.5%)

245 (77.3%)

80 (76.2%)

 Yes

97 (23.0%)

73 (22.3%)

24 (25.5%)

72 (22.7%)

25 (23.8%)

Coronary heart disease

0.803

0.061

 No

393 (93.1%)

306 (93.3%)

87 (92.6%)

291 (91.8%)

102 (97.1%)

 Yes

29 (6.9%)

22 (6.7%)

7 (7.4%)

26 (8.2%)

3 (2.9%)

Cerebrovascular disease

0.628

0.741

 No

395 (93.6%)

306 (93.3%)

89 (94.7%)

296 (93.4%)

99 (94.3%)

 Yes

27 (6.4%)

22 (6.7%)

5 (5.3%)

21 (6.6%)

6 (5.7%)

Chronic gastropathy

0.027

0.357

 No

380 (90.0%)

301 (91.8%)

79 (84.0%)

283 (89.3%)

97 (92.4%)

 Yes

42 (10.0%)

27 (8.2%)

15 (16.0%)

34 (10.7%)

8 (7.6%)

Pancreatitis

0.478

0.561

 No

397 (94.1%)

310 (94.5%)

87 (92.6%)

297 (93.7%)

100 (95.2%)

 Yes

25 (5.9%)

18 (5.5%)

7 (7.4%)

20 (6.3%)

5 (4.8%)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

0.524

0.533

 No

408 (96.7%)

318 (97.0%)

90 (95.7%)

305 (96.2%)

103 (98.1%)

 Yes

14 (3.3%)

10 (3.0%)

4 (4.3%)

12 (3.8%)

2 (1.9%)

ASA classification

0.519

0.673

 1

28 (6.6%)

20 (6.1%)

8 (8.5%)

23 (7.3%)

5 (4.8%)

 2

323 (76.6%)

250 (76.2%)

73 (77.7%)

241 (76.0%)

82 (78.1%)

 3

71 (16.8%)

58 (17.7%)

13 (13.8%)

53 (16.7%)

18 (17.1%)

Tumor location

0.722

0.069

 Pancreatic

277 (65.6%)

219 (66.8%)

58 (61.7%)

197 (62.1%)

80 (76.2%)

 Duodenum

47 (11.1%)

34 (10.4%)

13 (13.8%)

38 (12%)

9 (8.6%)

 Common bile duct

46 (11.0%)

35 (10.7%)

11 (11.7%)

39 (12.3%)

7 (6.7%)

 Vater’s ampulla

52 (12.3%)

40 (12.3%)

12 (12.8%)

43 (13.6%)

9 (8.6%)

Malignant tumor

0.840

0.815

 No

93 (22.0%)

73 (22.3%)

20 (21.3%)

69 (21.8%)

24 (22.9%)

 Yes

329 (78.0%)

255 (77.7%)

74 (78.7%)

248 (78.2%)

81 (77.1%)

Preoperative biliary drainage

0.125

0.541

 No, with normal TB

253 (60.0%)

188 (57.3%)

65 (69.1%)

187 (59.0%)

67 (63.8%)

 No, TB < 200 μmol/L

53 (12.5%)

45 (13.7%)

8 (8.5%)

42 (13.2%)

10 (9.5%)

 Yes, TB ≥ 200 μmol/L

116 (27.5%)

95 (29.0%)

21 (22.4%)

88 (27.8%)

28 (26.7%)

Preoperative Gastro-intestinal decompression

0.619

0.642

 No

416 (98.6%)

324 (98.8%)

92 (97.9%)

313 (98.7%)

103 (98.1%)

 Yes

6 (1.4%)

4 (1.2%)

2 (2.1%)

4 (1.3%)

2 (1.9%)

Serum albumin ≤ 38, g/L

0.166

0.795

 No

379 (89.8%)

291 (88.7%)

88 (93.6%)

284 (89.6%)

95 (90.5%)

 Yes

43 (10.2%)

37 (11.3%)

6 (6.4%)

33 (10.4%)

10 (9.5%)

Abnormal liver function

0.361

0.399

 No

198 (46.9%)

150 (45.7%)

48 (51.1%)

145 (45.7%)

53 (50.5%)

 Yes

224 (53.1%)

178 (54.3%)

46 (48.9%)

172 (54.3%)

52 (49.5%)

Blood loss ≥ 575 ml

0.201

0.933

 No

292 (69.2%)

232 (70.7%)

60 (63.8%)

219 (69.1%)

73 (69.5%)

 Yes

130 (30.8%)

96 (29.3%)

34 (36.2%)

98 (30.9%)

32 (30.5%)

Plasma transfusion ≥ 400 ml

0.018

0.458

 No

285 (67.5%)

231 (70.4%)

54 (57.4%)

211 (66.6%)

74 (70.5%)

 Yes

137 (32.5%)

97 (29.6%)

40 (42.6%)

106 (33.4%)

31 (29.5%)

RBC transfusion ≥ 1U

0.064

0.940

 No

272 (64.5%)

219 (66.8%)

53 (56.4%)

204 (64.4%)

68 (64.8%)

 Yes

150 (35.5%)

109 (33.2%)

41 (43.6%)

113 (35.6%)

37 (35.2%)

Operation time, hour

6.0 (5.0–7.0)

5.9 (5.0–6.9)

6.1 (5.1–7.2)

0.235

6.0 (5.0–7.0)

6.0 (5.1–7.1)

0.237

Intraoperative fluid input, ml

3900 (3300–4700)

3900 (3300–4700)

4200 (3275–4900)

0.361

3900 (3300–4700)

4000 (3200–4850)

0.992

Pylorus – preserving

0.350

0.540

 No

346 (82.0%)

272 (82.9%)

74 (78.7%)

262 (82.6%)

84 (80%)

 Yes

76 (18.0%)

56 (17.1%)

20 (21.3%)

55 (17.4%)

21 (20%)

Gastrointestinal anastomosis

0.003

0.866

 Side-to-side

210 (49.8%)

176 (53.7%)

34 (36.2%)

157 (49.5%)

53 (50.5%)

 End-to-side

212 (50.2%)

152 (46.3%)

60 (63.8%)

160 (50.5%)

52 (49.5%)

MIPD

0.008

0.757

 No

325 (77.0%)

243 (74.1%)

82 (87.2%)

246 (77.6%)

83 (79%)

 Yes

97 (23.0%)

85 (25.9%)

12 (12.8%)

71 (22.4%)

22 (21%)

Braun’s anastomosis

0.306

0.453

 No

389 (92.2%)

300 (91.5%)

89 (94.7%)

294 (92.7%)

95 (90.5%)

 Yes

33 (7.8%)

28 (8.5%)

5 (5.3%)

23 (7.3%)

10 (9.5%)

Vascular reconstruction

0.720

0.662

 No

394 (93.4%)

307 (93.6%)

87 (92.6%)

295 (93.1%)

99 (94.3%)

 Yes

28 (6.6%)

21 (6.4%)

7 (7.4%)

22 (6.9%)

6 (5.7%)

Jejunostomy

0.763

0.377

 No

406 (96.2%)

316 (96.3%)

90 (95.7%)

303 (95.6%)

103 (98.1%)

 Yes

16 (3.8%)

12 (3.7%)

4 (4.3%)

14 (4.4%)

2 (1.9%)

ICU admission

0.450

0.824

 No

201 (47.6%)

153 (46.6%)

48 (51.1%)

150 (47.3%)

51 (48.6%)

 Yes

221 (52.4%)

175 (53.4%)

46 (48.9%)

167 (52.7%)

54 (51.4%)

Mechanical ventilation, hour

7.5 (5.6–14.9)

7.5 (5.6–15.5)

7.6 (5.9–14.4)

0.913

7.5 (5.5–15.5)

8 (5.8–14.5)

0.607

CR-POPF

0.000

0.335

 No

353 (83.6%)

288 (87.8%)

65 (69.1%)

262 (82.6%)

91 (86.7%)

 Yes

69 (16.4%)

40 (12.2%)

29 (30.9%)

55 (17.4%)

14 (13.3%)

Intra-abdominal infection

0.000

0.460

 No

391 (92.7%)

318 (97.0%)

73 (77.7%)

292 (92.1%)

99 (94.3%)

 Yes

31 (7.3%)

10 (3.0%)

21 (22.3%)

25 (7.9%)

6 (5.7%)

Lung infection

0.050

1.000

 No

407 (96.4%)

320 (97.6%)

87 (92.6%)

306 (96.5%)

101 (96.2%)

 Yes

15 (3.6%)

8 (2.4%)

7 (7.4%)

11 (3.5%)

4 (3.8%)

Urinary infection

1.000

1.000

 No

417 (98.8%)

324 (98.8%)

93 (98.9%)

313 (98.7%)

104 (99%)

 Yes

5 (1.2%)

4 (1.2%)

1 (1.1%)

4 (1.3%)

1 (1%)

Intestinal flora disturbance

0.310

0.602

 No

417 (98.8%)

325 (99.1%)

92 (97.9%)

314 (99.1%)

103 (98.1%)

 Yes

5 (1.2%)

3 (0.9%)

2 (2.1%)

3 (0.9%)

2 (1.9%)

Incisional infection

0.000

1.000

 No

411 (97.4%)

326 (99.4%)

85 (90.4%)

309 (97.5%)

102 (97.1%)

 Yes

11 (2.6%)

2 (0.6%)

9 (9.6%)

8 (2.5%)

3 (2.9%)

CR-DGE

-

-

-

-

0.815

 No

248 (78.2%)

81 (77.1%)

 Yes

69 (21.8%)

24 (22.9%)