Table 1 Characteristics of included patients
Author | Year | Country | Study design | Patients | Definition of spondylolisthesis | Sample size | Age (years) | Male/female |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salimi | 2022 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | DLS with LSS |  ≥ 3 mm anterior slippage | 50 | 69.4 ± 9.5 | 23/27 |
Noh | 2022 | Korea | Retrospective cohort | DLS with or without LSS | NA | DLS with LSS: 3840; DLS without LSS: 255 | 60.5 ± 9.1 | NA |
Moayeri | 2022 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | DLS with LSS | grade 1 | 140 | 68.0 ± 10.1 | 64/76 |
Liang | 2022 | China | Retrospective cohort | DLS with LSS | grade 1 | 104 (PMTD: 53; MIS TLIF: 51) | 62.06 ± 13.6; 59.94 ± 8.3 | 27/26; 17/34 |
Joelson | 2022 | Sweden | Prospective cohort | DLS with LSS | slip > 3 mm | 372 (decompression and fusion: 228; decompression only: 144) | 63.9 ± 8.9; 69.4 ± 9.4 | 79/149; 47/97 |
Georgiou | 2022 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | single-level DLS | 51619 (anterior fusion: 14971; posterior fusion: 36648) |  ≥ 75: 1229; 2514 | 5629/9342; 12904/23744 |
Chan | 2021 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | NA | 15658 | 62.5 | 5762/9896 |
Takaoka | 2021 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | DLS with LSS | NA | 145 (OLIF: 66; TLIF: 79) | 66 ± 12; 71 ± 9 | 28/38; 37/42 |
Sugiura | 2021 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | DLS | slippage at L3 or L4 of > 3% | 202 (BPL: 51; PLIF: 106) | 70.4 ± 8.4;69.1 ± 7.7 | 21/30; 38/68 |
Rabah | 2021 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | NA | 6260 | 60.27 ± 12.49 | 2341/3919 |
Mimura | 2021 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 and 2 | 41 | 69.8 ± 7.1 | 19/22 |
Katuch | 2021 | Slovakia | Prospective cohort | DLS | NA | 333 (TLIF: 119; PLIF:214) | 55.21 ± 9.22; 56.51 ± 10.71 | 52/67; 95/119 |
Joelson | 2021 | Sweden | Prospective cohort | DLS with LSS | slip > 3 mm on preoperative radiographs | 1935 (Decompression and fusion: 1338; decompression only: 597) | 65 ± 9.1; 69 ± 9.9 | NA |
Badhiwala | 2021 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | DLS | NA | 1804 (laminectomy alone: 802; laminectomy plus fusion: 1002) | 64.4 ± 11.6; 62.7 ± 12.1 | 305/497; 348/654 |
Zhong | 2020 | China | Retrospective cohort | DLS | one-level or two-level DLS | 1100 (posterolateral fusion: 650; intervertebral fusion: 450) | 72.80 ± 11.7; 71.90 ± 10.7 | NA |
Nyström | 2020 | Sweden | Retrospective cohort | DLS | slip > 3 mm | 200 | 64.8 | 92/108 |
Lee | 2020 | Korea | Prospective cohort | DLS | NA | 620 (decompressive laminectomy: 383; PLIF: 171; ALIF: 66) | NA | NA |
Khan | 2020 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 and 2 | 850 | 58.35 ± 13.78 | 397/453 |
Khan | 2019 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 and 2 | 141 | 62.28 ± 10.7 | 65/76 |
Karsy | 2020 | USA | Prospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 | 608 |  < 60: 239; 60–70: 209; 71–80: 128; > 80: 32 | 350/258 |
Chan | 2020 | USA | Prospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 | 297 (MIS-TLIF: 72; Open TLIF: 225) | 62.1 ± 10.6; 59.5 ± 11.7 | 32/40; 82/143 |
Bisson | 2020 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 | 140 (MIS decompression: 71; Open decompression: 69) | 72.264 ± 9.662; 66.913 ± 12.578 | 74/66; 32/39 |
Minamide | 2019 | USA | Prospective cohort | DLS with LSS | single-level DLS at L3/L4 or L4/L5 | 218 | 69.7 (47–88) | 96/122 |
Kuo | 2019 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS with LSS | NA | 601 (ULBD: 164; fusion: 437) | 68.5 ± 9.6; 69.2 ± 9.6 | 59/105; 125/312 |
Kelly | 2019 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 | 119 (PLF: 49; PLF + TLIF: 70) | 68 ± 10; 65 ± 10 | 22/27; 24/46 |
Chan | 2019 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 | 426 (decompression alone: 84; fusion: 342) | 69.9 ± 10.5; 60.7 ± 11.0 | 43/41; 131/211 |
Chan (1) | 2019 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 | 143 (MIS TLIF: 72; MIS decompression: 71) | 62.1 ± 10.6; 72.3 ± 9.7 | 32/40; 32/39 |
Vorhies | 2018 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | NA | 75024 (decompression: 6712; fusion: 68312) | 69; 61 | 2776/3936; 25,645/42667 |
Veresciagina | 2018 | Switzerland | Prospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 and 2 | 36 | 66.53 (47–80) | 6/30 |
Irmola | 2018 | Finland | Prospective cohort | DLS | NA | 189 | 62 (24–87) | NA |
Hayashi | 2018 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 and 2 | 50 (CBT-PLIF: 20; MEL: 30) | 69.3; 71.2 | 5/15; 7/23 |
Kato | 2017 | Japan | Prospective cohort | DLS | grade ≤ 1 | 51 | 70.8 ± 7.9 | 20/31 |
Gerling | 2017 | USA | Prospective cohort | DLS | NA | 406 (292 underwent instrumented fusion, 85 non-instrumented fusion, and 29 decompression alone) | 65.3 | 128/278 |
Cheung | 2016 | China | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 | 64 | 69.1 ± 8.7 | 29/36 |
Sato | 2015 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | DLS | NA | 163 (decompression alone:74; decompression and fusion: 89) | 65.8 ± 8.9 | 73/90 |
Macki | 2015 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | grade 1 and 2 | 103 (PLF:58; PLF + PLIF/TLIF:45) | 59.27 ± 11.35; 55.44 ± 10.18 | 26/32; 14/31 |
Blumenthal | 2013 | USA | Prospective cohort | DLS with LSS | grade 1 | 40 | 68.2 ± 7.7 | 10/30 |
Rihn | 2012 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | NA | 601 | 66 | 189/412 |
Booth | 1999 | USA | Retrospective cohort | DLS | NA | 41 | 66.7 (52.2–78.7) | 12/29 |
Author | BMI (kg/m2) | Disease duration (m) | Surgery types | Follow-up (years) | Number of reoperations | Reasons for reoperation | Reoperation methods | Risk factors of reoperation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salimi | 24.3 ± 3.9 | 36.2 ± 39.6 | bilateral decompression | 5 | 2 | progression of lumbar degeneration or postoperative instability | NA | NA |
Noh | NA | NA | OD followed by spinal fusion, laminectomy, and PELD | 10 | 549; 33 | NA | NA | NA |
Moayeri | 27.7 ± 4.2 | NA | a unilateral laminotomy for ipsilateral decompression | 8.2 | 22 | NA | decompression (12), fusion (10) | NA |
Liang | 23.70 ± 3.5; 24.30 ± 2.9 |  < 6 mos:10; > 6 mos: 94 | PMTD; MIS TLIF | 2 | 3; 1 | NA | NA | NA |
Joelson | 27.8 ± 5.3; 26.7 ± 4.0 | NA | decompression and fusion; decompression only | 7.6 | 2; 6 | spinal stenosis or disk herniation at the index level (L3-4), the first cranial adjacent level (L2-3), and the first caudal adjacent level (L4-5) | NA | NA |
Georgiou | NA | NA | anterior fusion; posterior fusion | 2 | 2536; 8101 | NA | NA | NA |
Chan | 30.7 | NA | posterior lumbar spine decompression with or without single level posterior instrumented fusion | NA | 438 | NA | NA | age, sex, BMI, smoking, addition of fusion |
Takaoka | NA | NA | single-level OLIF and single-level TLIF | 3 | 3; 2 | NA | NA | NA |
Sugiura | NA | NA | BPL and PLIF | 3 | 4; 4 | root radiculopathy (4); ASD (3), left L5/S foraminal stenosis (1) | PLIF (3), BPL (1); PLIF (3), herniotomy (1) | NA |
Rabah | 30.85 ± 6.48 | NA | posterior/transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (P/TLIF) | NA | NA | NA | NA | operative time, obesity class III, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, smoking |
Mimura | NA | NA | single-level unistrumented PLF | 5 | 1 | ASD | NA | NA |
Katuch | 25.56 ± 5.12; 23.78 ± 4.78 | NA | TLIF and PLIF | 3 | 2; 15 | wound infection and dural tear | NA | NA |
Joelson | 27 ± 4.5; 27 ± 4.1 | NA | decompression and fusion; decompression only | 7.8 | 216; 80 | spinal stenosis with or without concomitant DLS or disk herniation | NA | NA |
Badhiwala | NA | NA | laminectomy alone; laminectomy plus fusion | 5 | 18; 28 | related to the principal procedure | NA | NA |
Zhong | NA | NA | Posterolateral fusion; intervertebral fusion | 4.2 | 24; 9 | NA | NA | BMI, sex, diabetes mellitus, age, fusion method, more bleeding |
Nyström | NA | NA | bilateral laminotomy | 6.8 | 29 | NA | decompression (24); fusion (5) | NA |
Lee | NA | NA | decompressive laminectomy; PLIF; ALIF | 10 | 52; 13; 1 | occurrence of any lumbar spinal surgery with a disease code | NA | NA |
Khan | 30.96 ± 6.21 | 39.64 | elective open posterior lumbar spinal fusion | 1.9 | 31 | NA | NA | diabetes |
Khan | 30.95 ± 5.82 | NA | an open posterior lumbar fusion | 1.3 | 7 | NA | NA | NA |
Karsy | NA | NA | percutaneous screw placement, interbody placement, or decompression | 3 | 38 | NA | NA | NA |
Chan | 29.5 ± 5.1; 31.3 ± 7.0 | NA | minimally invasive or open TLIF | 2 | 1; 16 | ASD; surgical site infection; implant removal/revision; pseudoarthrosis | NA | NA |
Bisson | 28.735 ± 5.380; 28.190 ± 4.688 | NA | MIS decompression or open decompression | 3 | 10; 3 | re-emergence of symptoms; persistent symptoms; recurrence of rt-sided pain | NA | NA |
Minamide | NA | NA | micro-endoscopic decompression | 2.3 | 17 | NA | fusion (9); decompression (8) | NA |
Kuo | NA | NA | ULBD or fusion | 3.3 | 17; 75 | NA | fusion; decompression; incision and drainage, revision instrumentation, instrumentation removal | fusion as index operation, BMI, any perioperative complication, estimated blood loss |
Kelly | 30.6 ± 5.9; 31.5 ± 6.7 | NA | PLF or PLF + TLIF | 2 | 8; 11 | NA | NA | NA |
Chan | 28.4 ± 5.2; 31.0 ± 6.7 |  < 3 mos: 11; > 3 mos: 401 | decompression alone or fusion | 1 | 5; 15 | wound revisions and/or incision and drainage, adjacent-segment disease, screw reposition/hardware failures, bony fracture within the fusion construct, and evacuation of hematoma | NA | NA |
Chan (1) | 29.5 ± 5.1; 28.2 ± 4.7 |  < 3 mos: 4; > 3 mos: 133 | MIS TLIF or MIS decompression | 2 | 1; 10 | ASD | fusion (5); decompression (6) | NA |
Vorhies | NA | NA | decompression or fusion | 5 | 686; 8469 | recurrent stenosis or progressive instability | fusion; decompression | NA |
Veresciagina | NA | NA | laminotomy | 10.78 | 5 | NA | decompression | NA |
Irmola | 28.2 ± 4.3 | NA | instrumented lumbar spine fusion | 3.9 | 30 | acute complication; early failure; adjacent segment pathology; late failure | NA | NA |
Hayashi | 23.7; 23.1 | 39.7; 41.5 | CBT-PLIF or MEL | 2 | 3; 5 | a hematoma perioperatively; a vertebral fracture in the adjacent level; same-segment disease; insufficient decompression | kyphoplasty; adjacent_x005f segment decompression; additional decompression and fusion | NA |
Kato | NA | NA | microsurgical bilateral decompression via a unilateral approach | 2 | 2 | exacerbation of disc degeneration | NA | NA |
Gerling | 29.2 | at least 12Â weeks | instrumented fusion, non-instrumented fusion, and decompression alone | 8 | 60; 20; 9 | progressive spondylolisthesis, recurrent stenosis, complications, or other | NA | age, gender, moderate or severe stenotic levels, predominant back pain, physical therapy, neurogenic claudication, leg pain bothersomeness scale |
Cheung | NA | NA | decompression only | 7.1 | 9 | mechanical back pain; residual leg pain | further decompression(2); Fusion(6); epidural steroid injection(1) | NA |
Sato | 23.1 ± 2.6 | NA | decompression alone or decompression and fusion | 5 | 25; 13 | adjacent segmental disease; same segmental disease; infection; implant related; hematoma | decompression and fusion (25); decompression-only (8); others (5) | NA |
Macki | NA | NA | NA | 5.5 | 17; 4 | degenerative disease progression | NA | NA |
Blumenthal | NA | NA | laminectomy | 3.6 | 15 | mechanical low back pain | NA | NA |
Rihn | 29.2 | at least 12Â weeks | posterior decompressive laminectomy | 4 | 59 | NA | NA | obesity |
Booth | NA | NA | decompression, autogenous iliac crest bone grafting, intertransverse process fusion, and segmental (pedicle screw) instrumentation | 6.5 | 5 | recurrent stenosis at adjacent levels with transition syndrome | NA | NA |