Fig. 1

Study design of perioperative lactate measurements. The initial lactate levels (initial LACs) and intraoperative peak lactate levels (intra-LACs) were measured in the operating room. Postoperative lactate levels (post-LACs) were measured upon admission to the intensive care unit. Intraoperative lactate clearance rate (LAC-C) was calculated as follows: LAC-C (%) = 100 × {(post-LA − initial-LAC) / (initial-LAC)}