Table 3 Statistical characteristics and results of the comparison tests of different phases of the LPD learning curve of Surgeon A. a: Median of the parameter; #: Independent-samples t tests; *: Chi-square tests; +: Kruskal-Wallis H tests

Intraoperative

Pancreatic texture [n (%)]

0.873^*

Soft pancreas

22(91.67%)

6(85.71%)

85(88.54%)

Not-soft pancreas

2(8.33%)

1(14.29%)

11(11.46%)

MPD size(cm) ^a

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.711⁺

Blood loss(mL)^a

550

300

300

0.011⁺

Transfusion [n (%)]

14(58.33%)

3(42.86%)

40(41.67%)

0.338^*

Transfusion volume(mL)^a

200

200

0

0.074⁺

Complications [n (%)]

Pancreatic fistula (BL/A/B/C)

20(83.33%)/0/3/1

5(71.43%)/0/1/1

71(73.96%)/2/7/5

0.604

Delayed gastric emptying

1(4.17%)

0

2(2.08%)

0.763^*

Postoperative hemorrhage

2(8.33%)

2(28.57%)

5(5.21%)

0.020^*

Abdominal infection

1(4.17%)

1(14.28%)

11(11.46%)

0.435^*

Clavien-Dindo classification [n (%)]

< 0.001^*

Minor(Grade I and II)

11(45.83%)

4(57.14%)

21(21.87%)

Major(Grade III to V)

8(33.33%)

1(14.28%)

7(7.29%)

Reoperation [n (%)]

5(20.83%)

0

2(2.08%)

0.001^*

Death in hospital [n (%)]

2(8.33%)

0

2(2.08%)

0.146^*

Hospital stay (day)^a

19

15

10

0.097⁺

ICU stay (day)^a

2

0

0

0.014⁺