Table 1 Cohort characteristics by fluid balance quartiles

Baseline characteristics

 Age, mean (SD), years

58.7 ± 10.9

58.5 ± 10.2

58.4 ± 10.4

58.8 ± 10.7

59.0 ± 12.2

0.967

 Sex, male, n (%)

336 (59.3%)

77 (54.2%)

100 (70.4%)

84 (59.2%)

75 (53.2%)

0.012*

 BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²

22.8 ± 3.3

24.3 ± 3.1

23.5 ± 3.0

22.5 ± 3.1

20.7 ± 2.9

< 0.001*

 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², n (%)

134 (23.6%)

53 (37.3%)

39 (27.5%)

29 (20.4%)

13 (9.2%)

< 0.001*

Comorbidities

 Smoking history, n (%)

214 (37.7%)

48 (33.8%)

64 (45.1%)

56 (39.4%)

46 (32.6%)

0.116

 Alcohol intake, n (%)

179 (31.6%)

44 (31%)

55 (38.7%)

40 (28.2%)

40 (28.4%)

0.184

 Hypertension, n (%)

168 (29.6%)

53 (37.3%)

46 (32.4%)

43 (30.3%)

26 (18.4%)

0.004*

 Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

128 (22.6%)

35 (24.6%)

34 (23.9%)

31 (21.8%)

28 (19.9%)

0.765

 Coronary artery disease, n (%)

44 (7.8%)

12 (8.5%)

9 (6.3%)

15 (10.6%)

8 (5.7%)

0.417

Preoperative characteristics

 Abdominal surgery history, n (%)

164 (28.9%)

38 (26.8%)

39 (27.5%)

36 (25.4%)

51 (36.2%)

0.176

 Lesion site, pancreas, n (%)

356 (62.8%)

90 (63.4%)

90 (63.4%)

91 (64.1%)

85 (60.3%)

0.913

 ASA classification

0.652

  Class I–II, n (%)

477 (84.1%)

120 (84.5%)

122 (85.9%)

121 (85.2%)

114 (80.9%)

  Class III, n (%)

90 (15.9%)

22 (15.5%)

20 (14.1%)

21 (14.8%)

27 (19.1%)

 Pre-ALB, mean (SD), g/L

40 ± 4.8

40.9 ± 4.4

40.1 ± 4.3

39.6 ± 4.9

39.3 ± 5.3

0.020*

 Pre-ALB < 35 g/L, n (%)

78 (13.8%)

10 (7%)

12 (8.5%)

25 (17.6%)

31 (22%)

< 0.001*

 Pre-TBIL, median (IQR), μmol/L

18.6 (11.4 ~ 69.5)

17.9 (11.5 ~ 67.7)

18.8 (11.8 ~ 72.9)

19.6 (11.3 ~ 64.9)

18.5 (11.1 ~ 88.8)

0.918

 Pre-TBIL > 17.1 μmol/L, n (%)

303 (53.4%)

74 (52.1%)

75 (52.8%)

78 (54.9%)

76 (53.9%)

0.967

 Pre-GLU, mean (SD), mmol/L

6.5 ± 2.4

6.4 ± 2.2

6.5 ± 2.0

6.8 ± 2.9

6.5 ± 2.4

0.384

 Pre-GLU > 6 mmol/L, n (%)

244 (43.0%)

57 (40.1%)

69 (48.6%)

61 (43%)

57 (40.4%)

0.446

 Preoperative fluid infusion, n (%)

200 (35.3%)

32 (22.5%)

42 (29.6%)

55 (38.7%)

71 (50.4%)

< 0.001*

Intraoperative characteristics

 TIVA, n (%)

50 (8.8%)

11 (7.7%)

9 (6.3%)

9 (6.3%)

21 (14.9%)

0.030*

 Surgery time, mean (SD), h

5.9 ± 1.4

5.9 ± 1.3

6.0 ± 1.4

5.9 ± 1.4

5.7 ± 1.4

0.273

 PPPD, n (%)

76 (13.4%)

20 (14.1%)

24 (16.9%)

20 (14.1%)

12 (8.5%)

0.211

 Blood transfusion, n (%)

301 (53.1%)

40 (28.2%)

64 (45.1%)

84 (59.2%)

113 (80.1%)

< 0.001*

 Blood loss, median (IQR), L

0.5 (0.3 ~ 0.7)

0.4 (0.3 ~ 0.6)

0.4 (0.3 ~ 0.7)

0.4 (0.3 ~ 0.8)

0.5 (0.4 ~ 0.9)

0.006*

 RBC, median (IQR), units

0 (0 ~ 3)

0 (0 ~ 0)

0 (0 ~ 2)

2 (0 ~ 2)

4 (1 ~ 4)

< 0.001*

 FFP, median (IQR), L

0 (0 ~ 0.4)

0 (0 ~ 0.05)

0 (0 ~ 0.4)

0.2 (0 ~ 0.4)

0.4 (0 ~ 0.4)

< 0.001*

 Crystalloid, median (IQR), L

3 (2.4 ~ 3.7)

2.45 (2.1 ~ 2.7)

2.85 (2.5 ~ 3.4)

3.3 (2.7 ~ 3.9)

3.4 (2.8 ~ 4.3)

< 0.001*

 Colloid, median (IQR), L

1 (0.5 ~ 1)

0.5 (0.5 ~ 1)

1 (0.5 ~ 1)

1 (0.5 ~ 1)

1 (0.5 ~ 1.5)

< 0.001*