Fig. 5

Outcome results of traction test. The mean ± standard deviation traction tension measured for the three samples in each group was 2.16 ± 0.11 N, 3.68 ± 0.70 N, 5.15 ± 0.61 N, 18.30 ± 2.16 N, 19.30 ± 0.34 N, and 62.40 ± 7.26 N for Groups A–F, respectively. There were no significant differences among Groups A, B, and C. Compared with these three groups, Groups D, E, and F had significantly stronger traction tension. In addition, there was no significant difference between Groups D and E. However, the traction tension was significantly stronger in Group F than in Groups D and E