Predictors of accurate intrapedicular screw placement in single-level lumbar (L4-5) fusion: robot-assisted pedicle screw, traditional pedicle screw, and cortical bone trajectory screw insertion

Table 3 Pairwise analysis of perioperative data

	Group	Standard error	P
Surgical time from skin to skin	RA and PS	6.122	< 0.001*
	RA and CBT	6.375	< 0.001
	PS and CBT	6.246	0.006
Intra-operative blood loss (mL)	RA and PS	8.062	< 0.001†
	RA and CBT	8.396	0.006
	PS and CBT	8.226	< 0.001
Post-operative drainage (mL)	RA and PS	8.832	< 0.001†
	RA and CBT	9.197	< 0.001
	PS and CBT	9.011	0.075
Post-operative hospital stay (days)	RA and PS	0.390	< 0.001*
	RA and CBT	0.406	0.001
	PS and CBT	0.398	0.734

RA robot-assisted, PS pedicle screw, CBT cortical bone trajectory
P < 0.05 indicates that statistical differences were observed between the two groups
^*Analysis of variance, LSD for posterior comparison: †Kruskal–Wallis H test of rank test, and Bonferroni for posterior comparison. The significance level in the table has been adjusted for multinomial tests

ISSN: 1471-2482