Table 1 Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria

Age > 16 years old

(1) Patients with brain injury or severe underlying chronic disease and, therefore, cannot tolerate the risk of surgery and anesthesia

Fractures that could not be reduced by nonoperative treatment and type D fresh proximal clavicle fractures according to the Throckmorton classification

(2) Pathological fractures

Fractures that were prone to recurrence during shoulder movement and cases with prominent skin lesions

(3) Open fractures

Patients without underlying diseases such as heart disease

(4) Combined vascular or neurological injuries

The patient requested conservative treatment, even though closed reduction was pointless