Fig. 4

An age 67 female patient underwent endoscope-assisted minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with fluoroscopy-guided technique at L4–5 level. A X-ray images show lumbar spondylolisthesis at L4–5. B, C MR images show severe central stenosis at L4–5. D CT image show severe stenosis at L4-5 and bilateral facet joint degeneration. E, F Disc space preparation using endoscope. G, H C-arm images were taken in anteroposterior and lateral views to confirm extent of discectomy. I, J 1-year postoperative MR images. K 1-year postoperative X-ray image