Fig. 3

An age 49 male patient underwent endoscope-assisted minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with fluoroscopy-guided technique at L3–4–5 level. A–C MR images show severe central stenosis at L3/4 (B) and L4/5 (C). D X-ray images show spondylolisthesis at L4/5. E An endoscope was introduced. F–H 1-year postoperative MR images. I, J Bony fusion (yellow circle) shows in coronal and sagittal computed tomography images at 6-month postoperatively