Table 2 Surgical parameters and perioperative outcomes

Choledochoscopic exploration finding at the lower end of the bile duct

–

 Stricture

–

35 (27.34%)

(0.00%)

–

 Sphincter of Oddi

 insufficiency

–

61 (47.66%)

(0.00%)

–

 No abnormal finding

–

32 (25.00%)

(0.00%)

–

Choledochoscopic exploration at hilar bile duct

–

 Stricture

–

122 (95.31%)

(0.00%)

–

 No abnormal finding

–

6 (4.69%)

(0.00%)

–

Intraoperative bile bacterial culture

0.635

 Negative

17 (11.97%)

13 (10.16%)

30 (11.11%)

 Positive

125 (88.03%)

115 (89.84%)

240 (88.89%)

Complete stone clearance

< 0.001

 Yes

93 (65.96%)

128 (100.00%)

221 (82.16%)

 No

48 (34.04%)

0 (0.00%)

48 (17.84%)

 Post-operative hospitalization, day

10.30 ± 2.58

10.24 ± 2.76

10.27 ± 2.66

0.852

Short-term postoperative complications

 Pure bile leakage

1 (0.70%)

5 (3.91%)

6 (2.22%)

0.105

 Bile leakage with abdominal infection

6 (4.23%)

5 (3.91%)

11 (4.07%)

0.895

 Incision delayed healing

8 (5.63%)

6 (4.69%)

14 (5.19%)

0.726

 Postoperative abdominal hemorrhage

2 (1.41%)

2 (1.56%)

4 (1.48%)

1.000