Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the glioblastoma patients overall and in the training and validation datasets
Variable | Overall (N = 987) | Training set (N = 694) | Validation set (N = 293) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender [N (%)] | ||||
 Female | 365 (37.0) | 265 (38.2) | 100 (34.1) | 0.257 |
 Male | 622 (63.0) | 429 (61.8) | 193 (65.9) | |
Age_at_surgery [mean (SD)] | 52.60 (14.12) | 52.89 (13.62) | 51.91 (15.23) | 0.322 |
KPS score before surgery [mean (SD)] | 85.53 (8.73) | 85.50 (8.80) | 85.62 (8.57) | 0.846 |
Days_in_hospital [mean (SD)] | 18.99 (9.35) | 18.79 (9.75) | 19.46 (8.36) | 0.338 |
Surgical_resection [N (%)] | ||||
 Total resection | 620 (80.7) | 438 (81.1) | 182 (79.8) | 0.67 |
 Subtotal resection | 138 (18.0) | 94 (17.4) | 44 (19.3) | |
 Partial resection | 10 (1.3) | 8 (1.5) | 2 (0.9) | |
Number_of_operations [N (%)] | ||||
 1 | 810 (94.0) | 571 (94.2) | 239 (93.4) | 0.093 |
 2 | 50 (5.8) | 35 (5.8) | 15 (5.9) | |
 3 | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.8) | |
Laterality [N (%)] | ||||
 Left | 383 (48.7) | 261 (47.1) | 122 (52.6) | 0.186 |
 Right | 403 (51.3) | 293 (52.9) | 110 (47.4) | |
Location [N (%)] | ||||
 Callosum | 43 (5.2) | 26 (4.5) | 17 (6.9) | 0.419 |
 Frontal lobe | 368 (44.3) | 267 (45.8) | 101 (40.7) | |
 Parietal lobe | 87 (10.5) | 65 (11.1) | 22 (8.9) | |
 Temporal lobe | 267 (32.1) | 178 (30.5) | 89 (35.9) | |
 Occipital lobe | 33 (4.0) | 25 (4.3) | 8 (3.2) | |
 Insular lobe | 27 (3.2) | 18 (3.1) | 9 (3.6) | |
 Cerebellum | 6 (0.7) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.8) | |
IDH1 status [N (%)] | ||||
 Wild-type | 680 (91.3) | 471 (91.3) | 209 (91.3) | 1 |
 Mutant-type | 65 (8.7) | 45 (8.7) | 20 (8.7) | |
Ki-67 index [N (%)] | ||||
 Less than 5% | 38 (4.0) | 27 (4.0) | 11 (3.9) | 0.568 |
 5–20% | 559 (58.7) | 401 (59.8) | 158 (56.2) | |
 More than 20% | 355 (37.3) | 243 (36.2) | 112 (39.9) | |
MGMT status [N (%)] | ||||
 Unmethylated | 457 (61.0) | 323 (61.8) | 134 (59.3) | 0.58 |
 Methylated | 292 (39.0) | 200 (38.2) | 92 (40.7) | |
TERT status [N (%)] | ||||
 Wild-type | 85 (43.6) | 57 (41.9) | 28 (47.5) | 0.575 |
 Mutant-type | 110 (56.4) | 79 (58.1) | 31 (52.5) | |
Radiotherapy [N (%)] | ||||
 No | 192 (19.5) | 136 (19.6) | 56 (19.1) | 0.93 |
 Yes | 795 (80.5) | 558 (80.4) | 237 (80.9) | |
Chemotherapy [N (%)] | ||||
 No | 219 (22.2) | 160 (23.1) | 59 (20.1) | 0.355 |
 Yes | 768 (77.8) | 534 (76.9) | 234 (79.9) | |
Adjuvant therapy [N (%)] | ||||
 Radiotherapy and chemotherapy | 728 (73.8) | 508 (73.2) | 220 (75.1) | 0.619 |
 Radiotherapy only | 67 (6.8) | 50 (7.2) | 17 (5.8) | |
 Chemotherapy only | 39 (4.0) | 25 (3.6) | 14 (4.8) | |
 No adjuvant therapy | 153 (15.5) | 111 (16.0) | 42 (14.3) | |
Recurrence status [N (%)] | ||||
 No recurrence | 174 (17.6) | 129 (18.6) | 45 (15.4) | 0.261 |
 Recurrence | 813 (82.4) | 565 (81.4) | 248 (84.6) | |
Survival status [N (%)] | ||||
 Alive | 221 (22.4) | 161 (23.2) | 60 (20.5) | 0.393 |
 Dead | 766 (77.6) | 533 (76.8) | 233 (79.5) | |