Table 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics, pre-operative laboratory parameters, intra-operative events, and post-operative outcomes between the CRPF and non-CRPF groups

Age (years)

64 (60–69)

60 (52–67)

Gender (male/female)

7/11

95/73

BMI (kg/m²)

22.7 (21.5–25.3)

22.0 (20.2–23.4)

Diabetes

2 (11.1%)

19 (11.3%)

History of abdominal operation

3 (16.7%)

28 (16.7%)

Obstructive jaundice

7 (38.9%)

77 (45.8%)

Pre-operative biliary drainage

7 (38.8%)

53 (31.5%)

White blood cells (× 10⁹/L)

5.83 (5.37–7.59)

5.72 (4.75–6.84)

Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)

36.4 (13.5–150.4)

100.4 (35.4–218.0)

Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)

23.2 (17.7–91.4)

63.3 (28.3–150.2)

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

27.7 (14.3–133.9)

73.8 (19.4–138.9)

Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)

19.6 (3.1–92.4)

47.6 (6.0–98.2)

Serum albumin (g/L)

39.4 (34.3–41.7)

37.8 (34.4–41.3)

Hemoglobin (g/L)

125 (104.5–134.0)

126 (112.2–140.0)

Blood creatinine (μmol/L)

60.1 (47.3–68.6)

59.3 (49.4–68.1)

Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

4.32 (3.18–6.11)

4.91 (3.86–5.97)

Operation time (min)

240 (190.0–295.0)

247.5 (220.0–290.0)

Blood loss (mL)

50 (27.5–50)

50 (30–50)

Blood transfusion (mL)

0 (0–400)

0 (0- 0)

Pathology (pancreatic adenocarcinoma /others)

3/15

44/124

Pancreatic gland texture (soft/firm)

16/2

98/70

Pancreatic duct diameter (< 3 mm/ ≥ 3 mm)

12/6

70/98

Pathologic type (benign/malignant)

4/14

31/137

Reoperation

3 (16.7%)

15 (8.9%)

Other major complications

 Biliary fistula

2 (5.6%)

8 (4.8%)

 Post-operative hemorrhage

5 (27.8%)

9 (5.3%)

 Delayed gastric emptying

2 (11.1%)

24 (14.3%)

 Post-operative hospital stay (days)

18.0 (11.5–32.5)

12.0 (9.0–15.0)

 Mortality (%)

2 (11.1%)

2 (1.19%)