Table 1 Baseline characteristics of opioid-naïve patients undergoing one of the following procedures: prostatectomy, partial colectomy, and hysterectomy between 2012 and 2017 within the Marketscan database
Procedure → | Prostatectomy N = 6838 | Partial colectomy N = 4480 | Hysterectomy N = 1620 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-variates↓ | open 991 (14.5%) | MIS 5847 (85.5%) | p-value | open 1721 (38.4) | MIS 2759 (61.6) | p-value | open 942 (58.2) | MIS 678 (41.9) | p-value |
Age | 0.124 | 0.028 | < 0.001 | ||||||
 18–34 | 0 | 1 (0.0) |  | 33 (1.9) | 41 (1.5) |  | 11 (1.2) | 10 (1.5) |  |
 35–44 | 15 (1.5) | 85 (1.5) | 198 (11.5) | 235 (8.5) | 80 (8.5) | 39 (5.8) | |||
 45–54 | 220 (22.2) | 1504 (25.7) | 600 (34.9) | 1052 (38.1) | 296 (31.4) | 164 (24.2) | |||
 55–64 | 756 (76.3) | 4257 (72.8) | 890 (51.7) | 1431 (51.8) | 555 (58.9) | 465 (68.6) | |||
Gender | Â | 0.718 | Â | ||||||
 Male |  | 865 (50.3) | 1402 (50.8) |  |  |  |  | ||
 female | 856 (49.7) | 1357 (49.2) | |||||||
Elixhauser comorbidity | 0.462 | < 0.001 | 0.252 | ||||||
 0 | 204 (20.6) | 1268 (21.7) |  | 184 (10.7) | 344 (12.5) |  | 111 (11.8) | 100 (14.8) |  |
 1 | 346 (34.9) | 1929 (31.0) | 369 (21.4) | 658 (23.9) | 206 (21.9) | 139 (20.5) | |||
  ≥ 2 | 441 (44.5) | 2650 (45.3) | 1168 (67.9) | 1757 (63.7) | 625 (66.4) | 439 (65.8) | |||
Geographic region | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
 Northeast | 183 (18.5) | 1225 (21.0) |  | 324 (18.8) | 563 (20.4) |  | 218 (23.1) | 170 (25.1) |  |
 North central | 193 (19.5) | 1521 (26.0) | 389 (22.6) | 567 (22.6) | 221 (23.5) | 159 (23.5) | |||
 South | 459 (46.3) | 2234 (38.2) | 797 (46.3) | 1202 (43.6) | 363 (38.5) | 175 (25.8) | |||
 West | 145 (14.6) | 830 (14.2) | 195 (11.3) | 414 (15.0) | 132 (14.0) | 170 (25.1) | |||
 Unknown | 11 (1.1) | 37 (0.6) | 16 (0.9) | 13 (0.4) | 8 (0.9) | 4 (0.6) | |||
Residence | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.456 | ||||||
 Rural | 183 (18.5) | 819 (14.0) |  | 347 (20.2) | 392 (14.2) |  | 133 (14.1) | 87 (12.8) |  |
 Urban | 808 (81.5) | 5028 (86.0) | 1374 (79.8) | 2367 (85.8) |  | 809 (85.9) | 591 (87.2) | ||
Health plan | 0.521 | 0.788 | 0.831 | ||||||
 Less restrictive | 643 (64.9) | 3855 (65.9) |  | 1142 (66.4) | 1820 (66.0) |  | 626 (66.5) | 454 (67.0) |  |
 More restrictive | 348 (35.1) | 1992 (34.1) | 579 (33.6) | 939 (34.0) | 316 (33.6) | 224 (30.4) | |||
Colostomy |  |  | 233 (13.5) | 93 (3.4) | < 0.001 |  |  | ||
Low anterior resection | 360 (20.9) | 764 (27.7) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Mental health disorders | |||||||||
 Depression | 51 (5.1) | 319 (5.5) | 0.691 | 103 (6.0) | 193 (7.0) | 0.185 | 62 (6.6) | 57 (8.4) | 0.165 |
 Substance abuse | 42 (4.2) | 252 (4.3) | 0.918 | 76 (4.4) | 119 (4.3) | 0.870 | 22 (2.3) | 11 (1.6) | 0.316 |
 Other | 30 (3.0) | 226 (3.9) | 0.199 | 75 (4.3) | 107 (3.9) | 0.429 | 41 (4.4) | 28 (4.1) | 0.827 |
Opioid prescriptions | |||||||||
 Perioperative | 776 (78.3) | 4680 (80.0) | 0.208 | 1223 (71.1) | 1980 (71.8) | 0.613 | 761 (80.8) | 536 (79.1) | 0.390 |
 Prolonged | 65 (8.4) | 262 (5.6) | 0.004 | 223 (18.2) | 240 (12.1) | < 0.001 | 109 (14.3) | 50 (9.3) | 0.007 |