Table 5 Mean (SD) performance outcomes per group on Task 2
Task 2: intracorporal suturing | Robotic experience | Laparoscopic experience | Novices | P-values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Movements | n = 14 | n = 26 | n = 28 | R vs N | L vs N | R vs L |
Entrance and exits points | 5.7 (2.1) | 7.7 (4.6) | 11.4 (8.8) | 0.003 | 0.064 | 0.075 |
Safety | ||||||
Dropped needles | 3.6 (3.5) | 5.8 (6.8) | 10.8 (10.4) | 0.002 | 0.039 | 0.268 |
Unnecessary piercing | 2.6 (2.6) | 6.3 (5.0) | 10.4 (8.4) | < 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.004 |
Needle outside of view | 3.3 (4.8) | 6.2 (9.9) | 8.1 (11.2) | 0.136 | 0.534 | 0.301 |
Suture breakage | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.007 | 0.133 | 0.016 |
Task specific | ||||||
Total knots | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.123 | 0.324 | 0.373 |
Surgeon knots | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.6) | 0.473 | 0.281 | 0.985 |
Needle precision | 96 (8) | 79 (30) | 90 (13) | 0.042 | 0.101 | 0.008 |
Total time | 171 (77) | 277 (172) | 546 (328) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.011 |