Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Age > 40 years [19]

≤40 years of age

Low back pain/intermittent claudication

Decompression without internal fixation [8]

CT/MRI confirmed lumbar spinal stenosis

Back or leg pain of unknown etiology

Failed conservative treatment for 2 weeks

Systemic or local infections

Posterior lumbar decompression, internal fixation, and interbody fusion

Chronic steroid use, diabetes, hemato-oncological disease, renal disease, autoimmune disease [20]

Blood Transfusion in perioperative period