Fig. 1

A dedicated blunt straight needle and sutures for UCSs were developed. The lengths of the needle and suture are 80 and 90 cm, respectively. (a) The needle was made as blunt as possible to avoid the tearing of the surgeon’s glove, bladder, bowel, and rectum, but to easily penetrate the uterine wall in the anterior to posterior direction. (b) The difference in the diameter between the needle and suture was kept minimum, with a final diameter of 0.3 mm to prevent bleeding from the sutured site