Table 2 Outcomes at 36 months

Primary outcome-no.(%)

HbA1c ≤ 6.5 % without medications

25 (89.3)

25 (92.6)

1.000

HbA1c ≤ 6.5 % with medication

2 (7.1)

1 (3.7)

1.000

HbA1c < 6.0 % without medications

22 (78.6)

23 (85.2)

0.525

HbA1c < 6.0 % with medications

1 (3.6)

0 (0)

1.000

Glycemia, mean (SD)

HbA1c (%)

5.9 ± 0.7

5.7 ± 0.7

0.334

Change from baseline (%)

2.7 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.3

0.175

FBG (mmol/L)

5.9 ± 0.7

5.8 ± 0.7

0.371

Change from baseline (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 2.7

4.8 ± 2.0

0.448

C-peptide (ng/mL)

1.7 ± 0.5

1.8 ± 0.6

0.285

Change from baseline (ng/mL)

0.5 ± 0.5

0.7 ± 0.4

0.060

Weight, mean (SD)

%TWL

27.1 ± 7.1

31.0 ± 7.1

0.049

%EWL

81.9 ± 14.0

92.3 ± 10.5

0.003

Weight (kg)

63.3 ± 7.9

64.4 ± 8.9

0.610

Change from baseline (kg)

24.3 ± 6.5

29.5 ± 8.9

0.017

BMI (kg/m²)

22.8 ± 1.7

22.0 ± 1.1

0.032

Change from baseline (kg/m²)

9.1 ± 2.7

11.0 ± 3.2

0.017

Waist circumference (cm)

81.2 ± 3.6

79.2 ± 3.1

0.029

Change from baseline (cm)

21.6 ± 10.8

25.0 ± 6.3

0.166

Serum lipids, mean (SD)

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.9 ± 0.7

3.8 ± 0.8

0.674

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.6

1.4 ± 0.6

0.310

HDL (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.3

1.7 ± 0.4

0.105

LDL (mmol/L)

2.2 ± 0.7

1.9 ± 0.7

0.120

Medication usage-no.(%)

Oral hypoglycemic agents

4 (14.3)

2 (7.4)

0.700

Insulin usage

2 (7.1)

0

0.488

Antihypertension agent

5 (17.9)

3 (11.1)

0.744

Lipid-lowering drug

3 (10.7)

1 (3.7)

0.630