Fig. 3

Schematic of the clip-guided local duodenectomy technique. a The four clips were detected under X-ray imaging after upper median laparotomy. b Stay sutures were placed on both ends of the lesion, and a full-thickness incision in the duodenal wall was performed just outside of the clips under imaging. c Full-thickness duodenal resection was performed while directly visualizing the tumor and clips. d The defect of the duodenal wall was transversely closed by Gambee sutures