Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients (n = 176)

Patient factors

Age, years

 Median (range)

70 (34–86)

 Interquartile range

63–76

Sex

 Male

110

63

 Female

66

37

Body mass index (kg/m²)

 Mean (SD)

22.9 (3.2)

 Range

15.4–35.3

ASA-PS

27

15

 I

 II

138

78

 III

10

5.6

 IV

1

0.5

Diabetes mellitus

28

16

Diagnosis

 Pancreatic carcinoma

79

45

 Cholangiocarcinoma

47

27

 Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater

22

12

Others

28

16

Jaundice

82

47

Preoperative biliary drainage

104

59

Preoperative cholangitis

35

20

Postoperative cholangitis

19

11

Operative factors

Operative time (min)

 Median (range)

451 (278–738)

 Interquartile range

381–497

Blood loss (ml)

 Median (range)

594 (10–2450)

 Interquartile range

330–1195

Blood transfusion

33

19

Width of remnant bile duct (mm)

 Median (range)

10 (4–40)

 Interquartile range

8–12

Biliary stenting

94

53

Postoperative factors

POPF

 Grade B or C

84

48

Bile leakage

4

2.2

DGE

9

5.1

Postoperative pneumobilia

132

76

Observation period (month)

 Median (range)

35 (11–115)

 Interquartile range

18–58