Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants

Female n (%)

503 (82.2)

468 (78.9)

0.152

Age (year)

39.2 ± 10.9

49.0 ± 13.3

 < 0.001

Weight (kg)

119.8 ± 20.1

96.5 ± 15.5

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

45.0 ± 6.0

38.5 ± 3.5

 < 0.001

 BMI < 40, n (%)

106 (17.3)

434 (73.2)

 < 0.001

 BMI 40–50, n (%)

407 (66.5)

155 (26.1)

 BMI > 50, n (%)

99 (16.2)

4 (0.7)

Waist circumference (cm)

123.4 ± 13.9

113.4 ± 10.2

 < 0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

135.8 ± 12.6

116.3 ± 8.3

 < 0.001

FPG (mg/dl)

106.5 ± 32.5

101.5 ± 18.3

0.001

HbA1c %

5.6 ± 1.0

NA

NA

2-hPG (mg/dl)

NA

123.1 ± 38.5

NA

Impaired fasting glucose n (%)

223 (48.6)

217 (43.4)

0.108

T2DM n (%)

123 (21.4)

84 (14.7)

 < 0.001

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

123.9 ± 13.9

125.3 ± 18.3

0.123

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

79.5 ± 8.8

82.1 ± 10.6

 < 0.001

HTN, n (%)

169 (29.1)

245 (41.5)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

190.1 ± 36.4

198.8 ± 38.1

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

138.0 (102.0–181.2)

148.0 (112.0–192.5)

0.006

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

49.4 ± 12.4

48.3 ± 11.4

0.112

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

109.9 ± 32.3

118.0 ± 33.1

 < 0.001

Dyslipidemia n (%)

274 (47.4)

295 (49.8)

0.406

Never smoking n (%)

483 (83.7)

525 (89.3)

0.003

Family history of T2DM n (%)

218 (47.7)

69 (11.8)

 < 0.001