Fig. 1

Chest CT images of representative patients. The arrows denote lesions. A, B A 10 mm left upper lobe GGO (microinvasive adenocarcinoma) associated with a 38 mm anterior mediastinal mass (hemangioma). C, D A 35 mm left upper lobe mass (invasive adenocarcinoma) associated with a 13 mm anterior mediastinal mass (bronchogenic cyst). E, F A 50 mm anterior mediastinal lesion (thymoma of type B2) invading surrounding lung tissues. G, H A 70 mm mediastinal mass (thyroid follicular neoplasm) and its coexisting 15 mm left upper lobe lesion (microinvasive adenocarcinoma), which were difficult for VATS and resected by thoracotomy