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Table 2 Surgical outcomes, postoperative recovery, morbidity, and mortality in the laparoscopic surgery and hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery groups

From: Hand-assisted laparoscopic resection versus total laparoscopic gastric surgery for primary gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): an analysis from a high-volume institution

Outcome

Mean. (SD) / No. (%)

P Value

TLS group

(n = 36)

HLS group

(n = 17)

Surgical outcome

   

Estimated blood loss (mL)

58.3 ± 30.4

34.7 ± 21.0

0.006

Operative time (minutes)

134.4 ± 53.7

70.6 ± 19.1

 < 0.001

Length of incision, cm

6.7 ± 1.0

7.6 ± 1.5

0.001

Maximum margin of tumor, cm

3.0 ± 0.8

2.3 ± 0.9

0.004

Tumor rupture during surgery

1 (2.8%)

0 (0.0%)

0.488

Tumor resection margin R0

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Open conversion

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Postoperative recovery

   

Time to first flatus (days)

2.7 ± 0.5

1.8 ± 0.4

 < 0.001

Time to ambulation (days)

1.6 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.4

0.005

Time to first liquid intake (days)

3.7 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 0.5

 < 0.001

Time to first semifluid intake (days)

5.5 ± 0.5

4.4 ± 0.7

 < 0.001

Postoperative hospital stays (days)

7.2 ± 2.1

7.9 ± 2.0

0.273

Reoperation

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Unplanned readmission

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Morbidity type*

   

Postoperative complication*

3 (8.3%)

1 (5.9%)

0.753

Wound problem

1 (2.8%)

1 (5.9%)

0.580

Pulmonary

2 (5.6%)

1 (5.9%)

0.962

Leakage

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Hemorrhage

1 (2.8%)

0 (0.0%)

0.488

Mortality

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Clavien–Dindo classification

  

 > 0.999

I

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 

II

2 (5.6%)

1 (5.9%)

 

IIIa

1 (2.8%)

0 (0.0%)

 

IIIb

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 

IV

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 

V

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 
  1. TLS total laparoscopic surgery, HLS hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery, SD standard deviation
  2. *One patient may had more than one morbidity type
  3. Clavien-Dindo classification only calculates the highest grade of complications