Rates and risk factors of intrapedicular accuracy and cranial facet joint violation among robot-assisted, fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous, and freehand techniques in pedicle screw fixation of thoracolumbar fractures: a comparative cohort study

Table 4 Cranial facet joint violation among three insertion techniques

Cranial facet joint, n (%)	RA	FP	FH	P value^a
Cranial facet joint, n (%)	RA	FP	FH	RA vs FP	RA vs FH	FP vs FH
Grade 0	136 (86.1)	54 (69.2)	157 (77.3)	0.002	0.035	0.157
Grade 1	12 (7.6)	6 (7.7)	26 (12.8)	0.979	0.109	0.227
Grade 2	5 (3.2)	8 (10.3)	11 (5.4)	0.025	0.302	0.148
Grade 3	5 (3.2)	10 (12.8)	9 (4.4)	0.004	0.536	0.012
Total	158 (100)	82	203 (100)

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