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Table 3 Adverse events among the three insertion techniques

From: Rates and risk factors of intrapedicular accuracy and cranial facet joint violation among robot-assisted, fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous, and freehand techniques in pedicle screw fixation of thoracolumbar fractures: a comparative cohort study

Adverse events, n (%)

RA

FP

FH

Deviation of screw in pedicle

 Penetrations

9 (100)

17 (100)

23 (100)

 Superior

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (4.3)

 Inferior

0 (0)

2 (11.8)

1 (4.3)

 Medial

4 (44.4)

10 (58.8)

13 (56.5)

 Lateral

5 (55.6)

5 (29.4)

8 (34.9)

Screw parts causing FJV

 Violations

22 (100)

24 (100)

46 (100)

 Screw shaft

2 (9.1)

1 (4.2)

2 (4.3)

 Screw head

20 (90.9)

23 (95.8)

43 (93.5)

 Rod

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (2.2)

Complications

 Patients

30 (100)

14 (100)

30 (100)

 Intraoperative revision due to screw malposition

0 (0)

1 (7.1)

1 (3.3)

 Postoperative revision due to screw malposition

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Wound infections

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)