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Table 1 Representative clinical manifestations of FBCA patients

From: Unusual presentation of a first branchial arch fistula with maxillofacial infection: a case report

Author

Date

Age

Complaints of presentation

Description the course of FBCAs

Fastenberg [9]

2016

3-year-old

Pain in the right ear and swelling in the postauricular area

A fistula track into the osteocartilaginous junction of the ear canal

Faruque [10]

2019

12-year-old

A draining cervical pit

Fistulas opening to the Eustachian tube

Watanabe [11]

2017

14-month-old

Redness and swelling in the left neck area

Fistula extending from a cutaneous opening in the left submandibular area penetrating the submandibular gland, and ending in the pharyngeal cavity

Fanous [1]

2020

6-year-old

Left conductive hearing loss and an ipsilateral painful cervical mass

A presumed ear canal cholesteatoma in association with an abnormal bony canal and a pharyngeal cyst

Chaouki [12]

2021

3-year-old

Recurrent right lateral cervical infection

A fistulous path underthe facial nerve and ends under the digastric muscle

Roche [13]

2016

4-year-old

Recurrent left neck abscesses and palpable persistent submandibular swelling

Duplication of the external ear canal running medial to the facial nerve

Zhang [14]

2020

19-year-old

A mass behind the right earlobe and recurrent postauricular swelling and pain

The mass originated from the stylomastoid foramen and adhered to the posterior surface of the parotid gland, invading the temporal bone

Muranishi [15]

2020

8-year-old

An infectious epidermal cyst

A cord structure attached to subcutaneous tissue at the intertragal notch, no opening to the external auricular canal