Fig. 4From: The technical feasibility and preliminary results of minimally invasive endoscopic-TLIF based on electromagnetic navigation: a case seriesImages obtained in Case 1. a Preoperative images show grade 2 isthmic spondylolisthesis of L5; the intervertebral space almost disappeared, and there were huge osteophytes at the posterior margin of the vertebral body. b Electromagnetic navigation assisted with recognizing endoscopic facet joint and collapsed intervertebral space. c Postoperative images show that the reduction of spondylolisthesis and position of pedicle screws were perfectBack to article page