Table 3 Comparison of intraoperative variables between external stent and internal stent group in high-risk of pancreatic fistula patients

Preoperative biliary drainage

12 (27.9%)

27 (20.9%)

P = 0.344

Percutaneous/endoscopic

7/5

7/20

Preoperative total bilirubin (μmol/L)

17.5 (11–135)

28 (13.5–121.5)

P = 0.581

Preoperative direct bilirubin (μmol/L)

9.9 (4–107.3)

9.7 (3–79.7)

P = 0.535

Preoperative CA 199 (U/mL)

20.7 (5.8–191)

27 (7.9–156.2)

P = 0.965

Operative time (min)

492.16 ± 103.63

432.22 ± 136.51

P = 0.003

Intraoperative bleeding (mL)

225 (200–400)

200 (200–400)

P = 0.712

  ≤ 400

33

101

  > 400

10

28

 Vascular resection

8 (18.6%)

5 (3.9%)

P = 0.004

 Blood transfusion

17 (39.5%)

38 (29.5%)

P = 0.220

 Texture soft/Firm

43/0

121/8

P = 0.203

Pancreatic duct diameter (cm)

0.3(0.3–0.4)

0.3 (0.3–0.3)

P = 0.205

 0.1

1

0

 0.2

6

26

 0.3

22

76

 0.4

12

22

 0.5

2

4

 > 0.5

0

1

Pathology

P = 0.002

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma or pancreatitis

13

14

Ampullary, duodenal, cystic, islet cell, etc

30

115

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

12

12

Cholangiocarcinoma

2

16

Duodenal carcinoma

16

39

Chronic pancreatitis

1

2

Pancreatic cystic tumor

1

19

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor

1

3

Ampullary carcinoma

5

26

Others

5

12