Table 1 Baseline characteristics of external stent and internal stent group in all patients

Age (years)

60 (54–67)

64 (56–70)

P = 0.202

Gender (M/F)

27/18

211/126

P = 0.734

BMI (kg/m²)

23.01 ± 3.14

22.17 ± 2.93

P = 0.072

Hypertension

12 (26.7%)

103 (30.6%)

P = 0.592

Diabetes

1 (2.2%)

53(15.7%)

P = 0.015

Smoke

17 (37.8%)

129 (38.3%)

P = 0.948

Drink

9 (20.0%)

115 (34.1%)

P = 0.057

Weight loss

8 (17.8%)

84 (24.9%)

P = 0.292

Operative time (min)

496.93 ± 109.06

425.39 ± 142.77

P = 0.001

Intraoperative bleeding (mL)

275 (200–400)

200 (200–300)

P = 0.214

Texture soft/Firm

43/2

179/158

P < 0.001

Pancreatic duct diameter (cm)

0.3 (0.3–0.4)

0.4 (0.3–0.5)

P < 0.001

Pathology

P = 0.428

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma or pancreatitis

15 (33.3%)

133 (39.5%)

Ampullary, duodenal, cystic, islet cell, etc

30 (66.7%)

204 (60.5%)

Pancreatic fistula

22 (48.9%)

128 (38.0%)

P = 0.159

CR-POPF

8 (17.8%)

68 (20.2%)

P = 0.705

Grade A

14 (31.1%)

60 (17.8%)

Grade B

8 (17.8%)

55 (16.3%)

Grade C

0 (0%)

13 (3.9%)

P = 0.379