Table 4 Summary of associations between patients’ and operations’ characteristics with performing the SSI preventive measures before skin closure (n = 281)
Giving 80% FiO2 | Irrigation of incision with povidone-iodine | Change of and/or double gloves | Change of instruments | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p | Yes | No | p | Yes | No | p | Yes | No | p | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | 58 (43.9) | 74 (56.1) | < 0.001 | 60 (45.5) | 72 (54.5) | 0.07 | 61 (46.2) | 71 (53.8) | 0.007 | 4 (3.0) | 128 (97.0) | 0.19 |
Female | 98 (65.8) | 51 (34.2) | 51 (34.2) | 98 (65.8) | 45 (30.2) | 104 (69.8) | 1 (0.7) | 148 (99.3) | ||||
Age-group | ||||||||||||
18–25 | 39 (53.4) | 34 (46.6) | 0.83 | 35 (47.9) | 38 (52.1) | 0.14 | 26 (35.6) | 47 (64.4) | 0.31 | 3 (4.1) | 70 (95.9) | 0.21 |
26–64 | 111 (56.6) | 85 (43.4) | 70 (35.7) | 126 (64.3) | 73 (37.2) | 123 (62.8) | 2 (1.0) | 194 (99.0) | ||||
65–80 | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) | 0 | 12 (100.0) | ||||
ASA classification | ||||||||||||
I | 115 (62.8) | 68 (37.2) | 71 (38.8) | 112 (61.2) | 56 (30.6) | 127 (69.4) | 4 (2.2) | 179 (97.8) | ||||
II | 35 (56.5) | 27 (43.5) | < 0.001 | 25 (40.3) | 37 (59.7) | 0.75 | 29 (46.8) | 33 (53.2) | 0.001 | 1 (1.6) | 61 (98.4) | 0.84 |
III | 4 (16.0) | 21 (84.0) | 9 (36.0) | 16 (64.0) | 17 (68.0) | 8 (32.0) | 0 | 25 (100.0) | ||||
IV | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | 0 | 11 (100.0) | ||||
Type of operation | ||||||||||||
Abdominal exploration | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 11 (91.7) | ||||
Open appendectomy | 14 (30.4) | 32 (69.6) | 32 (69.6) | 14 (30.4) | 23 (50.0) | 23 (50.0) | 3 (6.5) | 43 (93.5) | ||||
Lap. cholecystectomy | 50 (84.7) | 9 (15.3) | 22 (37.3) | 37 (62.7) | 14 (23.7) | 45 (76.3) | 0 | 59 (100.0) | ||||
Anorectal surgeries | 20 (90.9) | 2 (9.1) | 6 (27.3) | 16 (72.7) | 5 (22.7) | 17 (77.3) | 0 | 22 (100.0) | ||||
Open hernia repair | 20 (52.6) | 18 (47.4) | < 0.001 | 16 (42.1) | 22 (57.9) | < 0.001 | 20 (52.6) | 18 (47.4) | 0.001 | 1 (2.6) | 37 (97.4) | 0.14 |
Thyroidectomy | 20 (90.9) | 2 (9.1) | 4 (18.2) | 18 (81.8) | 6 (27.3) | 16 (72.7) | 0 | 22 (100.0) | ||||
Mastectomy | 13 (59.1) | 9 (40.9) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | 0 | 22 (100.0) | ||||
Lymph node excision | 11 (73.3) | 4 (26.7) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (86.7) | 3 (20.0) | 12 (80.0) | 0 | 15 (100.0) | ||||
Vascular surgeries | 4 (8.9) | 41 (91.1) | 11 (24.4) | 34 (75.6) | 17 (37.8) | 28 (62.2) | 0 | 45 (100.0) | ||||
Duration of operation | ||||||||||||
≤ 30 min | 33 (49.3) | 34 (50.7) | 21 (31.3) | 46 (68.7) | 18 (26.9) | 49 (73.1) | 0 | 67 (100.0) | ||||
31 to 60 min | 61 (46.9) | 69 (53.1) | 61 (46.9) | 69 (53.1) | 55 (42.3) | 75 (57.7) | 4 (3.1) | 126 (96.9) | ||||
61 to 90 min | 32 (82.1) | 7 (17.9) | 0.001 | 12 (30.8) | 27 (69.2) | 0.17 | 14 (35.9) | 25 (64.1) | 0.28 | 0 | 39 (100.0) | 0.50 |
91 to 120 min | 28 (68.3) | 13 (31.7) | 16 (39.0) | 25 (61.0) | 17 (41.5) | 24 (58.5) | 1 (2.4) | 40 (97.6) | ||||
> 120 min | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 | 4 (100.0) | ||||
Urgency | ||||||||||||
Elective | 131 (63.0) | 77 (37.0) | < 0.001 | 60 (28.8) | 148 (71.2) | < 0.001 | 65 (31.2) | 143 (68.8) | < 0.001 | 1 (0.5) | 207 (99.5) | 0.017 |
Emergency | 25 (34.2) | 48 (65.8) | 51 (69.9) | 22 (30.1) | 41 (56.2) | 32 (43.8) | 4 (5.5) | 69 (94.5) | ||||
Inraoperative contamination | ||||||||||||
Clean | 70 (48.6) | 74 (51.4) | 43 (29.9) | 101 (70.1) | 48 (33.3) | 96 (66.7) | 1 (0.7) | 143 (99.3) | ||||
Clean-contaminated | 57 (67.9) | 27 (32.1) | 0.002 | 34 (40.5) | 50 (59.5) | < 0.001 | 29 (34.5) | 55 (65.5) | 0.013 | 3 (3.6) | 81 (96.4) | 0.39 |
Contaminated | 24 (66.7) | 12 (33.3) | 21 (58.3) | 15 (41.7) | 17 (47.2) | 19 (52.8) | 1 (2.8) | 35 (97.2) | ||||
Dirty | 5 (29.4) | 12 (70.6) | 13 (76.5) | 4 (23.5) | 12 (70.6) | 5 (29.4) | 0 | 17 (100.0) | ||||
Hospital | ||||||||||||
X | 62 (55.9) | 49 (44.1) | < 0.001 | 19 (17.1) | 92 (82.9) | < 0.001 | 27 (24.3) | 84 (75.7) | < 0.001 | 5 (4.5) | 106 (95.5) | 0.020 |
Y | 33 (30.3) | 76 (69.7) | 83 (76.1) | 26 (23.9) | 79 (72.5) | 30 (27.5) | 0 | 109 (100.0) | ||||
Z | 61 (100.0) | 0 | 9 (14.8) | 52 (85.2) | 0 | 61 (100.0) | 0 | 61 (100.0) | ||||
Time of operation | ||||||||||||
December 2016 | 16 (19.3) | 67 (80.7) | < 0.001 | 56 (67.5) | 27 (32.5) | < 0.001 | 43 (51.8) | 40 (48.2) | < 0.001 | 4 (4.8) | 79 (95.2) | 0.040 |
January 2017 | 54 (62.1) | 33 (37.9) | 32 (36.8) | 55 (63.2) | 36 (41.4) | 51 (58.6) | 0 | 87 (100.0) | ||||
February 2017 | 86 (77.5) | 25 (22.5) | 23 (20.7) | 88 (79.3) | 27 (24.3) | 84 (75.7) | 1 (0.9) | 110 (99.1) | ||||