Table 3 Summary of associations between patients’ and operations’ characteristics with performing the SSI preventive measures before making the surgical incision (n = 281)
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis | Hair removal | Skin preparation by alcohol-based antiseptic solutions based on CHG | Hand preparation | Maintaining normothermia | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p | Yes | No | p | Yes | No | p | By soap and water, n (%) | By alcohol-based rub, n (%) | p | Yes | No | p | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||||
Gender | |||||||||||||||
Male | 125 (94.7) | 7 (5.3) | 0.20 | 66 (50.0) | 66 (50.0) | < 0.001 | 111 (84.1) | 21 (15.9) | 0.75 | 67 (50.8) | 65 (49.2) | 0.91 | 25 (18.9) | 107 (81.1) | 0.038 |
Female | 146 (98.0) | 3 (2.0) | 9 (6.0) | 140 (94.0) | 123 (82.6) | 26 (17.4) | 74 (49.7) | 75 (50.3) | 45 (30.2) | 104 (69.8) | |||||
Age-group | |||||||||||||||
18–25 | 70 (95.9) | 3 (4.1) | 0.78 | 19 (26.0) | 54 (74.0) | 0.98 | 62 (84.9) | 11 (15.1) | 0.91 | 32 (43.8) | 41 (56.2) | 0.123 | 25 (34.2) | 48 (65.8) | 0.10 |
26–64 | 189 (96.4) | 7 (3.6) | 53 (27.0) | 143 (73.0) | 162 (82.7) | 34 (17.3) | 100 (51.0) | 96 (49.0) | 42 (21.4) | 154 (78.6) | |||||
65–80 | 12 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | 9 (75.0) | 3 (25.0) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | |||||
ASA classification | |||||||||||||||
I | 176 (96.2) | 7 (3.8) | 48 (26.2) | 135 (73.8) | 146 (79.8) | 37 (20.2) | 81 (44.3) | 102 (55.7) | 53 (29.0) | 130 (71.0) | |||||
II | 59 (95.2) | 3 (4.8) | 0.65 | 22 (35.5) | 40 (64.5) | 0.07 | 53 (85.5) | 9 (14.5) | 0.07 | 30 (48.4) | 32 (51.6) | < 0.001 | 14 (22.6) | 48 (77.4) | 0.07 |
III | 25 (100.0) | 0 | 5 (20.0) | 20 (80.0) | 24 (96.0) | 1 (4.0) | 20 (80.0) | 5 (20.0) | 2 (8.0) | 23 (92.0) | |||||
IV | 11 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 11 (100.0) | 11 (100.0) | 0 | 10 (90.9) | 1 (9.1) | 1 (9.1) | 10 (90.9) | |||||
Type of operation | |||||||||||||||
Abdominal exploration | 12 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | 12 (100.0) | 0 | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | |||||
Open appendectomy | 46 (100.0) | 0 | 21 (45.7) | 25 (54.3) | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | 14 (30.4) | 32 (69.6) | 11 (23.9) | 35 (76.1) | |||||
Lap. cholecystectomy | 58 (98.3) | 1 (1.7) | 9 (15.3) | 50 (84.7) | 42 (71.2) | 17 (28.8) | 30 (50.8) | 29 (49.2) | 15 (25.4) | 44 (74.6) | |||||
Anorectal surgeries | 21 (95.5) | 1 (4.5) | 4 (18.2) | 18 (81.8) | 16 (72.7) | 6 (27.3) | 12 (54.5) | 10 (45.5) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | |||||
Open hernia repair | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | < 0.001 | 23 (60.5) | 15 (39.5) | < 0.001 | 29 (76.3) | 9 (23.7) | 0.005 | 17 (44.7) | 21 (55.3) | < 0.001 | 4 (10.5) | 34 (89.5) | 0.002 |
Thyroidectomy | 21 (95.5) | 1 (4.5) | 0 | 22 (100.0) | 18 (81.8) | 4 (18.2) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | |||||
Mastectomy | 22 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 22 (100.0) | 18 (81.8) | 4 (18.2) | 6 (27.3) | 16 (72.7) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) | |||||
Lymph node excision | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | 0 | 15 (100.0) | 13 (86.7) | 2 (13.3) | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | 7 (46.7) | 8 (53.3) | |||||
Vascular surgeries | 45 (100.0) | 0 | 15 (33.3) | 30 (66.7) | 45 (100.0) | 0 | 45 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (6.7) | 42 (93.3) | |||||
Duration of operation | |||||||||||||||
≤ 30 min | 62 (92.5) | 5 (7.5) | 11 (16.4) | 56 (83.6) | 61 (91.0) | 6 (9.0) | 30 (44.8) | 37 (55.2) | 25 (37.3) | 42 (62.7) | |||||
31 to 60 min | 126 (96.9) | 4 (3.1) | 0.31 | 46 (35.4) | 84 (64.6) | 0.007 | 115 (88.5) | 15 (11.5) | 0.001 | 63 (48.5) | 67 (51.5) | 0.41 | 25 (19.2) | 105 (80.8) | 0.042 |
61 to 90 min | 38 (97.4) | 1 (2.6) | 11 (28.2) | 28 (71.8) | 26 (66.7) | 13 (33.3) | 24 (61.5) | 15 (38.5) | 8 (20.5) | 31 (79.5) | |||||
91 to 120 min | 41 (100.0) | 0 | 5 (12.2) | 36 (87.8) | 29 (70.7) | 12 (29.3) | 21 (51.2) | 20 (48.8) | 12 (29.3) | 29 (70.7) | |||||
> 120 min | 4 (100.0) | 0 | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 4 (100.0) | |||||
Urgency | |||||||||||||||
Elective | 199 (95.7) | 9 (4.3) | 0.46 | 49 (23.6) | 159 (76.4) | 0.06 | 166 (79.8) | 42 (20.2) | 0.01 | 114 (54.8) | 94 (45.2) | 0.01 | 53 (25.5) | 155 (74.5) | 0.76 |
Emergency | 72 (98.6) | 1 (1.4) | 26 (35.6) | 47 (64.4) | 68 (93.2) | 5 (6.8) | 27 (37.0) | 46 (63.0) | 17 (23.3) | 56 (76.7) | |||||
Intraoperative contamination | |||||||||||||||
Clean | 137 (95.1) | 7 (4.9) | 0.45 | 39 (27.1) | 105 (72.9) | 0.98 | 125 (86.8) | 19 (13.2) | 0.008 | 78 (54.2) | 66 (45.8) | 0.002 | 32 (22.2) | 112 (77.8) | 0.55 |
Clean-contaminated | 82 (97.6) | 2 (2.4) | 23 (27.4) | 61 (72.6) | 61 (72.6) | 23 (27.4) | 43 (51.2) | 41 (48.8) | 21 (25.0) | 63 (75.0) | |||||
Contaminated | 36 (100.0) | 0 | 9 (25.0) | 27 (75.0) | 31 (86.1) | 5 (13.9) | 19 (52.8) | 17 (47.2) | 12 (33.3) | 24 (66.7) | |||||
Dirty | 16 (94.1) | 1 (5.9) | 4 (23.5) | 13 (76.5) | 17 (100.0) | 0 | 1 (5.9) | 16 (94.1) | 5 (29.4) | 12 (70.6) | |||||
Hospital | |||||||||||||||
X | 110 (99.1) | 1 (0.9) | 0.12 | 27 (24.3) | 84 (75.7) | < 0.001 | 65 (58.6) | 46 (41.4) | < 0.001 | 105 (94.6) | 6 (5.4) | < 0.001 | 4 (3.6) | 107 (96.4) | < 0.001 |
Y | 104 (95.4) | 5 (4.6) | 46 (42.2) | 63 (57.8) | 109 (100.0) | 0 | 31 (28.4) | 78 (71.6) | 11 (10.1) | 98 (89.9) | |||||
Z | 57 (93.4) | 4 (6.6) | 2 (3.3) | 59 (96.7) | 60 (98.4) | 1 (1.6) | 5 (8.2) | 56 (91.8) | 55 (90.2) | 6(9.8) | |||||
Time of operation | |||||||||||||||
December 2016 | 79 (95.2) | 4 (4.8) | 0.14 | 39 (47.0) | 44 (53.0) | < 0.001 | 82 (98.8) | 1 (1.2) | < 0.001 | 32 (38.6) | 51 (61.4) | 0.001 | 3 (3.6) | 80 (96.4) | < 0.001 |
January 2017 | 82 (94.3) | 5 (5.7) | 24 (27.6) | 63 (72.4) | 75 (86.2) | 12 (13.8) | 58 (66.7) | 29 (33.3) | 16 (18.4) | 71 (81.6) | |||||
February 2017 | 110 (99.1) | 1 (0.9) | 12 (10.8) | 99 (89.2) | 77 (69.4) | 34 (30.6) | 51 (45.9) | 60 (54.1) | 51 (45.9) | 60 (54.1) | |||||