Implementation of a beating heart system for training in off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass

BMC Surgery

Table 2 Results of the pre- and post-training assessment of residents’ and fellows’ performance

Item	Group	Performance		2-Way ANOVA
		Pre-training	Post-training	Group effect	Training effect	Group × training interaction
Time (min)	Residents	26.8 ± 4.97	17.6 ± 2.51	F(1, 16) = 11,544	F(1, 16) = 4,805	F(1, 16) = 8.12
	Fellows	15.4 ± 3.97	16.6 ± 4.45	P = 0.004^a	P = 0.044^a	P = 0.012^a
Score
Total	Residents	12.2 ± 2.39	17.6 ± 2.19	F(1, 16) = 15,565	F(1, 16) = 8,898	F(1, 16) = 4,898
	Fellows	18.6 ± 2.19	19.4 ± 2.51	P = 0.001^a	P = 0.009^a	P = 0.042^a
Time	Residents	1 ± 0	2 ± 0.71	F(1, 16) = 6.4	F(1, 16) = 1.6	F(1, 16) = 3.6
	Fellows	2.4 ± 0.89	2.2 ± 0.84	P = 0.022^a	P = 0.224	P = 0.076
Leak	Residents	3.6 ± 1.52	3.4 ± 1.14	F(1, 16) = 0.036	F(1, 16) = 0.036	F(1, 16) = 0.321
	Fellows	3.2 ± 1.1	3.6 ± 0.89	P = 0.852	P = 0.852	P = 0.579
Shape	Residents	4.2 ± 1.1	4.6 ± 0.89	F(1, 16) = 3.6	F(1. 16) = 0,4	F(1. 16) = 0,4
	Fellows	5 ± 0	5 ± 0	P = 0.076	P = 0.536	P = 0.536
Flow	Residents	3.4 ± 1.67	4.8 ± 0.45	F(1, 16) = 4	F(1, 16) = 2.25	F(1, 16) = 4
	Fellows	5 ± 0	4.8 ± 0.45	P = 0.063	P = 0.153	P = 0.063
Self-estimation	Residents	1 ± 0	2.8 ± 0.45	F(1, 16) = 103,143	F(1, 16) = 48,286	F(1, 16) = 7,143
	Fellows	3.4 ± 0.55	4.2 ± 0.45	P = 0.000^a	P = 0.000^a	P = 0.017^a
Penalty points	Residents	− 1 ± 1	0 ± 0	F(1, 16) = 0.095	F(1, 16) = 2,381	F(1, 16) = 2,381
	Fellows	− 0.4 ± 0.55	− 0.4 ± 0.89	P = 0.762	P = 0.142	P = 0.142
Total score excluding self-estimation Self sstimation	Residents	11.2 ± 2.39	14.8 ± 2.17	F(1, 16) = 5.29	F(1, 16) = 3,541	F(1, 16) = 3,541
	Fellows	15.2 ± 1.79	15.2 ± 2.17	P = 0.035^a	P = 0.078	P = 0.078

ISSN: 1471-2482