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Table 4 Means and differences of experienced strain by the different professional groups, for each type of surgery

From: Episodes of strain experienced in the operating room: impact of the type of surgery, the profession and the phase of the operation

Professional groups

Surgical specialtya

Nb

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Differences across phasesc

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

Surgeon

Ped

24

0.04

0.20

0.38

0.58

0.46

0.66

0.04

0.20

2 > 1, 2 > 4, 3 > 1, 3 > 4

 

Gyn

23

0.22

0.42

0.30

0.47

0.30

0.47

0.04

0.21

2 > 4, 3 > 4

 

Gen

22

0.14

0.35

0.27

0.46

0.50

0.67

0.00

0.00

2 > 4, 3 > 4

 

Tra

23

0.30

0.47

0.52

0.59

0.35

0.49

0.09

0.29

2 > 4

 

Vas

23

0.17

0.39

0.26

0.45

0.26

0.45

0.13

0.34

 
 

All types

115

0.17

0.38

0.35

0.51

0.37

0.55

0.06

0.24

 

Resident

Ped

22

0.00

0.00

0.59

0.50

0.45

0.67

0.18

0.39

2 > 1, 2 > 4, 3 > 1, 4 > 1

 

Gyn

29

0.00

0.00

0.38

0.73

0.14

0.35

0.07

0.26

2 > 1, 2 > 4, 3 > 1

 

Gen

20

0.00

0.00

0.10

0.31

0.30

0.47

0.10

0.31

3 > 1

 

Tra

37

0.11

0.31

0.32

0.58

0.65

0.54

0.05

0.23

2 > 4, 3 > 1, 3 > 2, 3 > 4

 

Vas

12

0.08

0.29

0.25

0.62

0.42

0.51

0.08

0.29

3 > 4

 

All types

120

0.04

0.20

0.34

0.59

0.41

0.54

0.09

0.29

 

Student

Ped

14

0.07

0.27

0.14

0.36

0.07

0.27

0.14

0.36

 
 

Gyn

15

0.00

0.00

0.40

0.51

0.33

0.62

0.13

0.35

2 > 1

 

Gen

10

0.20

0.42

0.10

0.32

0.70

0.67

0.40

0.52

3 > 2

 

Tra

14

0.21

0.43

0.14

0.36

0.29

0.61

0.00

0.00

 
 

Vas

0

         
 

All types

53

0.11

0.32

0.21

0.41

0.32

0.58

0.15

0.36

 

Scrub tech

Ped

25

0.04

0.20

0.00

0.00

0.04

0.20

0.00

0.00

 
 

Gyn

25

0.12

0.33

0.08

0.28

0.08

0.28

0.00

0.00

 
 

Gen

37

0.03

0.16

0.16

0.44

0.30

0.52

0.05

0.23

3 > 1, 3 > 4

 

Tra

23

0.09

0.29

0.09

0.29

0.09

0.29

0.00

0.00

 
 

Vas

26

0.04

0.20

0.08

0.27

0.04

0.20

0.04

0.20

 
 

All types

136

0.09

0.31

0.09

0.31

0.13

0.35

0.02

0.15

 

Circulator

Ped

26

0.08

0.27

0.15

0.37

0.12

0.43

0.08

0.27

 
 

Gyn

33

0.15

0.36

0.42

0.50

0.12

0.42

0.12

0.33

2 > 1, 2 > 3, 2 > 4

 

Gen

27

0.07

0.27

0.07

0.27

0.11

0.32

0.04

0.19

 
 

Tra

31

0.10

0.30

0.19

0.40

0.29

0.46

0.10

0.30

3 > 4

 

Vas

26

0.04

0.20

0.04

0.20

0.12

0.33

0.08

0.27

 
 

All types

143

0.19

0.39

0.19

0.39

0.15

0.40

0.08

0.28

 

Anesthesiologist

Ped

29

0.52

0.51

0.03

0.19

0.14

0.35

0.21

0.41

1 > 2, 1 > 3, 1 > 4

 

Gyn

20

0.10

0.31

0.00

0.00

0.05

0.22

0.00

0.00

 
 

Gen

27

0.33

0.55

0.11

0.32

0.19

0.40

0.15

0.36

 
 

Tra

29

0.10

0.31

0.10

0.31

0.21

0.41

0.14

0.35

 
 

Vas

21

0.38

0.50

0.00

0.00

0.19

0.51

0.10

0.30

1 > 2, 1 > 4

 

All types

126

0.16

0.39

0.06

0.23

0.16

0.39

0.13

0.33

 

All professional groups and surgery types

693

0.13

0.34

0.20

0.43

0.24

0.47

0.08

0.27

 

Differences across professional groups (independently of surgery type)d

 

Surg > Res

Surg > Scrub

Surg > Circul

Anesth > Surg

Anesth > Res

Anesth > Stud

Anesth > Scrub

Anesth < Circul

Surg > Stud

Surg > Scrub

Surg > Circul

Surg > Anesth

Res > Scrub

Res > Circul

Res > Anesth

Stu > Anesth

Circul > Scrub

Circul > Anesth

Surg > Scrub

Surg > Circul

Surg > Anesth

Res > Scrub

Res > Circul

Res > Anesth

Stud > Scrub

Stud > Circul

Stud > Anesth

Res > Scrub

Stud > Surg

Stud > Scrub

Anesth > Scrub

 
  1. aPed = pediatric, Gyn = gynecology, Gen = general surgery, Tra = trauma/emergency, Vas = vascular
  2. bN = number of participants
  3. cStatistically significant differences across phases, identified based on LSD post hoc test of GLM model; 1 = phase 1 (before incision), 2 = phase 2 (first third of the operation), 3 = phase 3 (middle third of the operation, 4 = phase 4 (last third of the operation); > means more strain in one phase compared to another phase of the operation
  4. dResults based on LSD post hoc tests of a univariate ANOVA; Surg = surgeon, Res = resident, Stud = student, Scrub = scrub technician, Circul = circulating nurse