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Table 1 Material properties of the spinal structures and instrumentations

From: Adjacent-level biomechanics after single-level anterior cervical interbody fusion with anchored zero-profile spacer versus cage-plate construct: a finite element study

Description

Element Type

Young’s Modulus (MPa) E

Poisson Ratio μ

Cross Sectional Area (mm2)

Cortical bone

Shell elements

12,000

0.29

–

Cancellous bone

3-D solid elements (4 node)

450

0.25

–

Facet cartilage

3-D solid elements (4 node)

10.4

0.4

–

Annulus fibers

3-D solid elements (8 node)

48

0.4

–

Nucleus pulposus

3-D solid elements (8 node)

1.0

0.49

–

Endplate

3-D solid elements

500

0.4

–

Anterior longitudinal ligament

3-D tension truss elements

30

0.3

33

Posterior longitudinal ligament

3-D tension truss elements

20

0.3

33

Interspinous ligament

3-D tension truss elements

1.5

0.39

13

Ligamentum flavum

3-D tension truss elements

5

0.3

50.1

Capsular ligaments

3-D tension truss elements

20

0.3

46.6

PEEK cage

3-D solid elements (4 node)

3600

0.3

–

Titanium plate

3-D solid elements (4 node)

110,000

0.3

–

Screw

3-D solid elements (4 node)

110,000

0.3

–